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Flashcards covering key topics from the AP World History Study Guide, focusing on developments in Asia, Dar al-Islam, Europe, the Americas, Africa, networks of exchange, land-based empires, transoceanic interconnections, revolutions, consequences of industrialization, global conflict, cold war and decolonization, and globalization.
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The Song Dynasty in China maintained its rule through long-held cultural traditions based in Neo-Confucian principles, such as filial piety, Buddhism, and a system of __.
Scholar-gentry.
The __ enabled China to expand its regional trade networks.
Grand Canal.
In South and Southeast Asia, societies continued to be __.
Syncretic.
In India, various decentralized kingdoms competed with each other until the emergence of the __.
Delhi Sultanate.
Mainland Southeast Asia was dominated by the __.
Khmer Empire.
The Khmer Empire had its capital at the Hindu-turned-Buddhist temple complex __ Wat.
Angkor.
The three largest __ (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) continued to have immense impact upon societies in Africa and Asia.
Abrahamic faiths.
As the Abbasid __ began to decline, new Muslim powers emerged in the world of Dar al-Islam.
Caliphate.
The medieval Muslim world was dominated by the and the who ruled the declining Abbasid Caliphate.
Seljuks, Mamluks.
Islamic states within Dar al-Islam fostered intellectual activity such as advances in mathematics and medicine and the preservation of __ from classical antiquity.
Greek learning.
Europe was largely decentralized and fragmented into smaller kingdoms or regions; __ led to distinct social and economic hierarchies.
Feudalism.
Absolute monarchs were developing more sophisticated forms of government, such as the British __.
Parliament.
In North America, the __ cultures exhibited great regional variation.
Mississippian.
The Aztec in Mexico thrived in large city-states such as its capital, __.
Tenochtitlan.
Although they had no written alphabet, the Aztec had a complex system of __ through which they recorded historical events.
Glyphs.
In the Andes mountains of South America, the __ developed a united monarchy and a powerful military.
Inca.
The Inca developed a united monarchy and a powerful military, thriving during the century leading up to the __.
Spanish conquest.
In West Africa, the wealthy __ produced leaders such as Mansa Musa.
Mali.
Mansa Musa commissioned the building of mosques and a library at __.
Timbuktu.
The regions along the east coast of the African continent were united by the arrival of Arab traders, whose language mixed with the native Bantu to create __.
Swahili.
Improvements in __ such as the use of credit and caravanserai, facilitated new markets for luxury goods that crossed regional boundaries along the Silk Roads.
Financial instruments.
The Mongols, a nomadic people group from Central Asia, originally consisted of scattered __.
Tribes.
The Mongols were united under __ in the early 13th century.
Genghis Khan.
The expansive Mongol empire incorporated many __.
Diverse conquered populations.
The vast size of the Mongol empire made interregional __ relatively easy and safe during the Pax Mongolica.
Interregional cultural exchange.
After 1200, existing trade routes through the Indian Ocean expanded, leading to the emergence of large __.
Diasporic communities.
A more robust understanding of environmental factors, such as __ allowed navigators to travel more safely and predictably across the Indian Ocean, expanding networks of exchange.
Understand Monsoon Winds.
The growth in interregional African trade between 1200 and 1450 was spurred by improved technology that facilitated transportation, especially along trans-Saharan trade routes; Innovations in __ made long-distance journeys much easier.
Camels.
Connectivity led to the spread of crops such as __ and rice to new regions.
Bananas.
Connectivity also allowed diseases spread; for example __ spread to Europe through trade routes and killed almost half of Europe’s population in the 14th century.
Bubonic plague.
The period from 1450 to 1750 witnessed the expansion of land-based empires across the globe; These empires, often referred to as the __ conducted their expansion in large part through widespread use of gunpowder, cannons, and other technologically sophisticated weaponry.
Gunpowder Empires.
Throughout this period, various European states adopted maritime technologies and naval expansion to establish overseas colonies and vast trade networks while land-based empires relied upon __ .
Bureaucratic elites and military professionals.
Rulers around the world continued long-standing religious practices such as __ in Meso-America.
Human Sacrifice.
In the Ottoman and Safavid empires, political and theological __ grew in prominence between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.
Divisions.
Technological innovations such as the lateen sail, compass, and astrolabe enabled travelers to more easily __.
Naval technology.
Using the new ship type caravel, the __ expanded maritime exploration and trade.
Portuguese.
Using the new ship type the Portuguese expanded maritime exploration and trade; similarly the also enabled travelers to navigate the oceans and participate in transregional trade, as did the __.
Caravel, Carrack and Galleon.
European nations were motivated to __ to Asian goods, spread Christianity, and dominate their political rivals.
Compete for access.
Driven by mercantilist ideology, Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, and Dutch sought to __ throughout the world.
Establish a maritime empire.
__ sailed to India with knowledge of currents and wind patterns, allowing for the establishment of trade forts.
Vasco da Gama.
Christopher Columbus searched for a new route to the Indies, resulting in increased European competition in __.
Overseas trade.
The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries is known as the __.
Columbian Exchange.
Fruits such as __
Citrus fruits grew in the Americas.
Crops such as __
Maize, tomatoes, and potatoes grew in Europe and Africa.
The introduction of crops such as sugar to the Americas led to an increased need for __.
Forced labor systems.
The new increase in travel facilitated the spread of __ to new regions.
Disease.
The spread of diseases such as smallpox, measles, malaria __ those in the Americas who had no immunity.
Devastated.
European states established and maintained __ throughout the Indian Ocean and the Americas.
Maritime empires.
Ming China and Tokugawa Japan set up restricted isolationist policies in an attempt to __ within their respective territories.
Minimize European influence.
The Asante Empire in Africa __ in networks of trade with Europeans.
Increased participation, slave trade.
The Kingdom of Kongo similarly had economic relationships with __.
Portugal.
As coercive labor systems intensified, resistance and rebellion to __ increased.
European colonization.
Coercive __ such as encomienda and hacienda systems developed in the Americas.
Labor systems.
European states adopted and joint-stock companies that could serve as a means of .
Financing exploration.
Economic competition led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Moroccan-Ottoman conflict over __ mines.
Trade rivalries.
Pueblo Revolts and King Philip’s War were examples of how indigenous peoples __.
Resisted colonial rule.
Enslaved peoples formed __ in the Caribbean and Brazil as a form of resistance.
Maroon societies.
Queen Nzinga of Ndongo made an alliance with the Dutch to __ into her territory.
Stopped Portuguese advances.
There were challenges to state power in this period when the Cossacks rose up against the government in protest of __.
Serfdom.
Existing elites’ power fluctuated as some groups benefited from the __ while others were vulnerable to imperial policies.
Transatlantic slave trade.
Qing China experienced increased __ due to expansive policies against ethnically Han Chinese.
Ethnic tensions
Jews were __ from Spanish and Portuguese authorities.
Expelled
The Ottoman Empire __ in order to maintain control over diverse populations.
Accommodated different religions.
Reform movements arose that pushed for expanded suffrage, the __ and the end of serfdom.
Abolition of slavery.
Governments around the world used people’s sense of unity surrounding religion, language, and social customs to promote __ ideologies.
Nationalist.
Governments around the world used people’s sense of unity surrounding religion, language, and social customs to promote nationalist ideologies that were manifest in state-building enterprises such as the and movements.
Taiping and Sepoy.
Discontent with monarchical and imperial rule, often inspired by liberal democratic ideals, led to rebellions and revolts against existing power structures such as the , the , the __ , and various Latin American revolutions.
American, French, Haitian.
Access to rivers and canals, the availability of coal, iron, and timber, urbanization, and legal protection of private property __ accompanied the development of the factory system and more sophisticated machinery for mass production.
Proximity to water, legal protection.
Alongside the development of new machines, industrializing societies experienced an increased demand for and then reliance upon __ such as coal.
Fossil fuels.
As these technologies became more widespread and readily available, the , the , and the __ completely changed the ways in which individuals and goods were able to travel around the globe and made communication across regions simpler and cheaper.
Railroad, steamship, and telegraph.
In Western Europe, the ideas of Adam Smith prompted a move away from long-standing policies in favor of and laissez-faire capitalism.
Mercantilist, free trade.
In industrialized nations, __ fought for better working conditions and higher wages.
Labor unions.
Intellectuals such as __ decried the excesses of capitalism and encouraged socialist or communist political reforms.
Karl Marx.
Some governments, such as those of the and , sought to modernize their societies amid resistance from some members of traditionalist or elite groups.
Ottomans and Qing.
While industrialization led to an increased standard of living for many, including a rise in the availability and variety of consumer goods, it also contributed to increased pollution, poverty, homelessness, and .
Increased crime and sanitation problems.
Social Darwinists believed that Charles Darwin’s theories had implications beyond biology and that the concept of __ applied to societal organization and politics.
Survival of the fittest.
Accompanying this worldview was often a belief that Americans and Europeans looking to expand their influence had __ , and that their imperialism was part of a civilizing mission.
Their duty to oversee nations deemed civilizationally inferior.
Around the globe, anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements formed in response to state expansion, such as Túpac Amaru II’s unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in Peru, __ resistance against French colonialists in West Africa, and the Ghost Dance religious movement in North America, designed to drive away white settlers and restore traditional pre- European ways of life.
Samory Touré.
Japanese agricultural workers moved to the Pacific, Italian industrial workers __ , and British engineers moved across the British Empire.
Moved to Latin America for work.
Also, many of the Irish __ due to extreme hardship, such as many of the Irish who moved to the east coast of the United States in large numbers after the Irish Potato Famine.
Were forced to migrate.
Cultural intermixing resulted from migration, but __ and racist attitudes increased across the globe, as societies often rejected immigrants and created laws such as the American Chinese Exclusion Act to limit the number of migrants from certain regions coming to their soil.
Xenophobic nativist.
Many empires faced internal and external challenges, such as the Russian Revolution. These struggling empires turned to a __ system to try to shore up their global positions.
Flawed alliance.
From a longer-term perspective, the underlying causes of World War II only led to another global conflict because they built on nascent and extreme ideas of __.
Nationalism.
Aldof Hitler __ nationalism in Germany.
Rose to power by using.
The capitalist nations, led by the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R), __ governments and strong top-down leadership to accomplish their goals.
Turned to authoritarian control.
Chinese communists seized power and forced through a program to nationalize the economy through the __.
Great Leap Forward.
Mohandas __ was able to use nonviolent resistance to orchestrate India’s independence from British colonial rule.
Gandhi.