Bio-50A Exam 2 Study Guide

What are the functions of Epithelium (ET)?

Barrier of cells that protect, secretes, absorbs, and filters

How do we classify ET (i.e., identify and name)?

Number of layers + cell shape + epithelium + any surface mod

Names for types of layers of ET?

Single: One layer

Stratified: Two or more

What are the different shapes of ET cells?

Squamous = Flat

Cuboidal = Cube Shaped

Columnar = Height taller than Width

What is Basal and Apical?

Basal = Base

Apical = Apex or Peak

What are some surface modifications for ET?

Cilia, Microvilli, Stereocilia, Keratinization, Goblet Cells

How is cilia different than microvilli?

Cilia is to move things like Mucus

Microvilli is for absorption

What is the function of goblet cells?

Goblet cells are special cells that make mucus

What is Keratinization?

a tough protective protein that helps prevent desiccation (Drying Out)

What kind of Epithelia is this?

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What kind of Epithelia is this?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

What kind of Epithelia is this?

Simple Columnar Epithelium

What kind of Epithelia is this?

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

What kind of Epithelia is this?

Transitional Epithelium

How might a single layer of thin cells perform differently than a thick, multi-layered stack of cells?

A thin layer is for rapid diffusion and filtration

A thick layer is for protection and can perform specialized functions

Where in the body is it helpful to have an ET that can stretch (distend)?

Bladder

How might surface modifications assist ET in their functions?

Cilia helps with moving things

Microvilli helps with absorption

Goblet Cells make mucus to collect any dust and bacteria

Keratinization helps with making thicker skin like palms and feet for abrasion and protection

What are the different types of Connective Tissue (CT)?

Bone, Cartilage, Blood, Connective Tissue Proper

What functions does CT perform in the body?

Protect, Support, Binds tissues together, Fuel Reserve, Transport substances

How are the types of CT similar to each other?

They’re all well-vascularized, composed of cells and extracellular matrix

What 3 types of protein fibers are present in CT? What roles are they each specialized for?

Collagen = Form thick fibers that are tough and strong (resist pulling) Most abundant

Reticular = has reticulin and has delicate networks that surround blood vessels and support soft tissue organs

Elastic = Contain Elastin which is stretchy and can be recoiled

What are the components of “ground substance”?

water, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

What are the specific cells for each type of CT?

Bone = Osteoblasts, Osteocytes

Cartilage = Chondroblasts, Chondrocytes

Blood = Hematopoietic Stem Cells

What other cells are found within CT and what do they do?

Adipocytes: (Fat Cells)

WBC: Immune/injury response

Mast Cells: Inflammatory Cells

Macrophages: eat dead tissue and foreign bodies

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

What kind of Loose Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Areolar Connective Tissue

Under Epithelium

What kind of Loose Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Adipose Connective Tissue

Under skin in subcutaneous tissue

What kind of Loose Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Reticular Connective Tissue

Spleen

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

Dense Regular CT

Dense Irregular CT

Elastic CT

What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Most ligaments, tendons

What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Fibrous Capsule of Joints, Dermis of Skin

What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is this? Where do you find it?

Elastic Connective Tissue

Walls of large Arteries

How is dense regular CT suited for stress differently than dense irregular CT?

Dense Regular is for stress in one specific direction while Irregular is stress from all directions

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

In cartilage how is their construction different? How does that construction relate to each of their functions?

Hyaline has a moderate amount of fibers and is involved in bone formation

Fibrocartilage has lots of collagen fibers, vertebral discs (space between sections of the spine)

Elastic Cartilage has a mix of collagen and elastic fibers, found in the ear

What kind of Cartilage is this?

Hyaline Cartilage

What kind of Cartilage is this?

Fibrocartilage

What kind of Cartilage is this?

Elastic Cartilage

What are lacunae?

Unfilled space

What is perichondrium made of and where do you find it?

It is made of Dense Irregular CT and surrounds Cartilage providing nutrients since Cartilage is avascular

How does the blood supply in bone differ from what’s seen in cartilage?

Cartilage is avascular and bone has blood vessels running through it

How does Bones having blood vessels in it make nutrient delivery different compared to Cartilage?

Since Bones have Blood Vessels in them it helps with rapid recovery and delivery of nutrients

What is bone made of?

Bone is made of collagen and calcium phosphate

What is periosteum made of and where do you find it?

It is made of Dense Irregular CT and it surrounds the bone

What are osteons?

The cylindrical, functional units of bone

What is a lacunae in bone?

Spaces in the matrix from Osteoblasts

What are the different canals in bone?

Haversian Canal = Canal that goes up

Volkmann’s Canal = Connects Canals

How is blood different than the other types of CT?

It’s a liquid while the others are solids

What are erythrocytes?

RBC (Red Blood Cells)

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue (MT)?

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

What type of MT is this? How is it controlled? Location?

Skeletal Muscle

Controlled Consciously

Attached to Bones

What type of MT is this? How is it controlled? Location?

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary Controlled

Only found in walls of the heart

What type of MT is this? How is it controlled? Location?

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary Controlled

Mainly in walls of Hollow Organs

What are the 2 (broad) types of cells of nervous tissue (NT)?

Neurons and Glial Cells

Where do you find Nervous Tissue?

Brain, Spinal Cords, and Nerves

What does the integumentary system consist of?

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands(oil)

What are the layers of skin? What lies deep to skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue

What tissue types are found in the layers of skin?

Epidermis: Epithelial Tissue

Dermis: Connective Tissue

Hypodermis: Loose connective tissue

How vascularized are the layers of skin?

Epidermis: Avascular

Dermis: Vascular

Hypodermis: Highly Vascular

How does skin protect the body from physical trauma? What sorts of chemicals does it produce (for defense)?

Keratinized cells are made and have multiple layers of dead cells with keratin to help protect

What cells are specialized to combat “biological invaders” (foreign bodies, like bacteria or parasites)?

Dendritic Cells and Macrophages engulf foreign bodies

How does skin help us regulate our body temperatures (hot or cold)?

When hot blood vessels dilate(open) and increase sweat

When cold blood vessels constrict to help keep body heat in

What types of sensations (through receptors) can skin detect?

Gentle Touch

Deep Pressure

Temperatures

Pain

What are the layers of epidermis? (Do you have a mnemonic to help you remember them?)

Come, Lets Get Sun Burned

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

In which epidermis layer(s) are the cells anucleate?

Stratum Corneum

and in thick Stratum Corneum and Lucidum

In which epidermis layer(s) does keratinization begin?

Stratum Granulosum

In which epidermis layer(s) does mitosis occur?

Stratum Basale

What types of cells are found in epidermis?

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Dendritic

Tactile

What are the layers of Dermis and what tissues can be found in them?

Papillary: Areolar CT

Reticular: Dense Irregular CT

How are Meissner’s (tactile) and Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles different from each other?

Tactile Corpuscle = Light Touch

Lamellar Corpuscle = Deep Pressure

What tissues are found in the hypodermis?

Loose(Areolar) and Adipose CT

What functions do friction ridges serve?

Enhance grip ability, contribute to sense of touch, fingerprints is sweat left behind

What three pigments help to determine skin color?

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

What cells produce melanin and how is it packaged? What does melanin do?

Melanocytes produce melanin, melanin is packaged into melanosomes that protect keratinocytes from UV radiation

What aspect of sun exposure (or over-exposure) is bad for skin? How is some sun exposure good for us?

Can cause cancer but some sun exposure is good for Vitamin D

What three types of skin cancer did we cover in class?

Basal Cell Carcinoma = In Stratum Basale

Squamous Cell Carcinoma = In Stratum Spinosum

Melanoma = Cancer of melanocytes

Which Cancer are benign vs metastatic?

Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinoma are benign

Melanoma is metastatic

What is a hair follicle made of? How does hair get nutrients to grow? Where does hair growth occur?

Hair is made of dead keratinized cells, it gets nutrients from hair papillae, and hair growth occurs in dermis sometimes hypodermis

What functions does hair serve?

Guards against physical trauma and insects, protects from heat loss, shields skin from sunlight, and filtration

What is/are arrector pili and what does it/they do?

Muscles that attach to hair follicles that when contracts causes hair to stand giving you “goosebumps”

Where does nail growth occur?

at the Nail Matrix

What epidermal layers compare to the nail bed and nail body?

Stratum Corneum

In what layer of integument are sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine found?

Sebaceous = Dermis

Eccrine = Dermis

Apocrine = Dermis and hypodermis

What do sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine produce?

Sebaceous = Sebum (oil)

Eccrine = Sweat

Apocrine = Viscous (Oily sweat)

Where do sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine deposit their products onto the body?

Sebaceous = Hair Follicle

Eccrine = Skin Surface

Apocrine = Hair Follicle

Why do apocrine glands get smelly?

Its odorless until decomposed by bacteria