parenting ch7

when is middle childhood

7-12

• period of sig phys, cog, emo, social dev

• trans from home-centered to wider social world

key socialization themes of middle childhood

• independance/self-care

• household rules

• manners/politeness

• prosocial behaviour

• reducing aggression

• cooperation increases as cognitive abilities mature

erikson

industry vs inferiority

• focus on competence/mastery

• success -> confidence

• repeated failure -> inferiority

piaget

concrete operational stage \

• logical reasoning (non-abstract)

• better understanding of rules and perspectives

freud

latency phase

• emo stabiliyy

• focus on learning, friendship, skill building

3 dimensions of parenting

SBP

support

• warmth, acceptance, involvement

• responsiveness, emo availability

• generally associated w pos outcomes

behavioural control

• structure, supervision, rules

• helps regulate behaviour

• effects depend on how its administered

psychological control

• manipulating thoughts/emos

• inducing guilt, withdrawl

• consistently linked w neg outcomes

social influences and lying

expanding social world and cog growth

• school increases social exposure

• more peer and non-fam influences

• children’s abilities become more nuanced (social, cognitive)

children’s lying dev

lies start around age 2

mid childhood = strategic lying

prosocial lies emerge (protect others)

parents frequently punish lying to promote honesty

birth order and fam comp

75% of families have a second child whiel first is aged 5

long research history (1874) — birth order effects small/inconsistent

key birth order theories - resoruce dilution model

more children = feweer parental resourses/child

first-borns often recoeve more time/stim

birth order theories— confluence theory

home intellectual envrionment diluted w each additional child

real family factors

• spacing btwn siblings

• temperament diffs

• fam income, education

• differential treatment often perco=ived can be dev appropriate

divide and conquer parenting

• parents split focus btwn children

• cpmmon strategy in multi-child fams

• associated w higher-quality co-prenting (supportive, cooperative)

• reduces conflict and competition

• helps w differing child needs ot temperaments

sibling rivalry basics

• common thru mid childhood (often earlier)

• can range from teasing to conflict to harmful aggression

• risk of sibling abuse if large power imbalance is large

why siblings fight

• evolutionary: compeotion for parental resources

• social interaction: immature social skills in close quarters

• percived diffential treatment leads to increased conflict, lower adjustment

outcomes and development of sibling rivalry

• warm sib relas lead to feweer behavioural problems

• conflict typically declines w age

• conflict can teach negotiation, emptahy, cooperation

twins

3.34% of births

higher parental exhaustion, reduced free time

1/3 of mothers report depression

fathers more involves vs singleton fams

parents striv for fairness despite temperament diffs

dveelopment of peer relas

infants show peer interest by 6m; attentive by 18m

preschoolers- complex, social play

mid ch- deeper friendships, forming peer grps

peer relations = horizontal (equal-status) social grp

parents’ roles in peer development

• social broker, gatekeeper, police officer, social coach

key domains of peer development in middle childhood

• reciprocity

• guided learning

• grp participation

• control

• protection

• pos parent-child attachment leads to better peer competence

forms of aggression

phys usually - by mid ch

rela peaks (gossip, exclusion)

multiple aggression trahectories exist

bullying

repeated, intentional, power balance

common accross 40+ countries

types: victims, vullies, bully-victims (highest risk)

bullying effects and parenting links

phys and emo symptoms (headaches, axniety, depression)

risk factors: neg/maladaptive parenting

protective factors: involvement, warmth, comms

school as a dev context

• major setting for structured time (except 1.8mil homeschooled)

• milestones: academic success, teacher relas, peer competence

parenting influence on social success

• selecting envrios, arranging activities, educational tools

• hw involvement: time not equal to achievement (child effect)

• effective tutoring: scaffolding improves outcomes

academic socialization

communication expectations and value of education

encourging

media use in mid childhood

• 90% of 24month olds watch media; increases w age

• mid ch: 6+h/day

• 75% have tv in bedroom; tv often on during meals

risks vs benefits of electronic media

pros: info. creativity, imainative play, imrpoved racial attitudes via diverse representation

risks: violence exposure → aggression, syberbullying, porn, advetising expxosure (materialism, conflict), sleep issues, obsesity

parentail mediation of tech use

• setting rules

• restrict screen time

• co-viewing as protective strategy

sports in middle childhood

• promotes phys health and coordination

• builds teamwork and peer relas ‘supports confidence and skill dev

parenting in sports contexg

healthy involvement: encouragement, modelling sportsmanship

risk factors: pressure, unrealistic expectations

sports as context for autonomy and identity

key takeaways from middle childhood parenting

- parenting adpats to children's growing autonomy, reasoning

- fam dynamics (siblings, birth order, coparenting) influence outcomes

- external systems (peer, media, school) gain importance

- monitering and comms becomes cruial

the big changes of middle childhood parenting

parenting shift from direct control to guidance, collab

social world expansion

relationships (fam, peers) shape competence

effective parenting = warmth + structure + comms