BIO 323 - Unit 3

Hypo-osmoregulation

The process that marine fish go through to regulate body fluid concentration in salt water.

Hyper-osmoregulation

The process freshwater fish go through to regulate body fluid concentration.

• they maintain concentrations of electrolytes

Osmoregulators_____ internal solute concentrations compared to their external environment

Have different

How do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions?

The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis

Nitrogenous waste

Excretion

The elimination of waste products and toxic compounds from the body

How do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions?

The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis.

Most mammals excrete_____

urea

Most aquatic animals excrete____

ammonia

birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete_____

uric acid

asexual reproduction

binary fission

Daughter cells are identicla to the parent, occurs after

Budding

Frgamentation

Parathenogenesis

follicular phase

menstrual cycle

oocyte

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

First Trimester - Germ Layerss

ectoderm -

mesoderm -

endoderm -

Which part of the kidney creates a concentration gradient?

loop of Henle

How will ingesting plant alkaloids affect an herbivore?

The herbivore’s nervous system would be damaged.

Which of these locations are points of entry through which viral and bacterial pathogens can infect plant issues?

open stomata

Skin is an important part of the immune response because:

it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens

A man is scratched by his cat. Aaa phagocyte nera the scratch site recognizes and engulfs a bacterium. Shortly thereafter, more phagocytes arrive in the tissue surrounding the scratch.

How are the additional phagocytes recruited to the site of the scratch?

by cytokines secreted by the initial phagocyte

The complement system refers to:

proteins circulating in the blood that are activated by antibodies or molecules on pathogens

Tetanus is a bacterial infection that is commonly acquired from
puncture wounds.
Why do you need to be vaccinated against the flu every year, but
you only need a virus booster against tetanus every 10 years?

There is a higher rate of mutation in viruses than in bacteria,
so you need to change the antibodies you are producing
(through vaccination) every year for the flu.

Metamorphosis

The large number of antibodies that can be produced in
a single individual is a result of:

making a unique antibody from all other B cells by
genomic rearrangement.

Lupus is an autoimmune disorder.
Which of the qualities would you expect to be a
symptom of lupus?
A. an increase in ciliary action of the esophagus
B. increased phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens in the
body
C. B cells binding to antigens on host cells and targeting
their degradation
D. increased blood clotting if the skin is cut.

C. B cells binding to antigens on host cells and
targeting their degradation

What major challenge did early land plants face, and
bryophytes (mosses) continue to face, in adapting an
ancestral aquatic reproductive cycle to land?
A. Gametophytes need environmental water to undergo
meiosis.
B. Few spores can survive dispersal in air.
C. Plants dependent on surface water may have dried
out and died before completing their life cycles.
D. Successful fertilization by free-swimming sperm is
rare, because it generally requires continuous water
films connecting male and female gametophytes

D. Successful fertilization by free-swimming sperm
is rare, because it generally requires continuous
water films connecting male and female
gametophytes.

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Homeostasis

what are the modes of chemical signaling in the endocrine system?

The order of least to most toxic nitrogenous wastes:

Uric acid (least), urea, ammonia (most)

How do marine fishes conduct secretion?

Most nitrogenous waste is secreted by the gills as ammonia.

Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of special cells (chloride cells) in the gills.

Path of excretory fluids through a mammalian nephron:

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule proximal convoluted tube loop of henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct