IB Global Politics: Development

what is general development

sustained increase in standard of living of a society

what is maslows heiarchy of needs

progression from basic human needs upto self actualization

what is basic human needs

relationships and self esteem

what is self actualization

which refers to the fulfillment of potential and wishes in life

critique of maslows heiarchy

all basic needs should be equally important for a dignified life

human development

freedom of people and liberty

economic development

economic growth by increasing revenue

way to develop the economy

diversifying the economy into many sectors rather than relying on one main source for trade

socio-political development

social developments: gender equality

way to socially and politically develop

responsible impartial judicial system with low corruption

development as freedom

access to choice, emphasizing goals of development rather than methods

economic growth doesnt always = ___________________

development

ways to measure development

GDP, Gini coefficient, HDI, HPI

GDP

countries overall income, divided by inhabitants

problems with GDP

doesnt consider how wealth is dirtrubuted

Gini coefficient

how equal or unequal societies are, considering distribution of income

how is gini coefficient measured

difference between richest and poorest populations

HDI

data of life expectancy, education and income

Happy planet index

consideration of long term impacts on environment

modernization theory is a very _______ theory

old

what does the modernization theory state

countries can develop by imitating what developed countries do

what are the 5 stages of development

traditional societies, pre conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption

what does stage 1 of modernization theory refer to

societies are based on low technology and pre scientific values

what does stage 2 of modernization theory refer to

introduction of money, banking and scientific values

what does stage 3 of modernization theory refer to

encouraging economic growth

what does stage 4 of modernization theory refer to

standards are rising, poverty is decreasing

what does stage 5 of modernization theory refer to

wealth, international trade

qualities of the dependancy theory

>critiques modernization theory

>popular from 1960-1970

>roots in marxism (communism)

assumptions of dependency theory

1. underdeveloped countries are locked into a system of unequal global trade

2. world is divided into central and periphery: center = colonial powers + west periphery=newly independent, developing countries

3. hard for periphery to catch upto west as they base on exploitation

4. central wants to maintain unequal relationship

what have developed countries done to prevent succession of periphery

high tarrifs, overvaluation of currencies, subsidized industries for self sufficiency

when was neoliberalism implemented

1980's

critique of government interference

negative long term effects, creating sudden economic growth that doesnt last

how to develop?

>encourage free enterprise (low restriction) so there is healthy competition and sustainable long term growth

>decrease healthcare expense and pension so people are encouraged to work

criticism of neoliberalism

>quality of life may decrease as education sector and healthcare is privately provided, and they aim to max profit

>corruption

>rich can just get richer and poor can just get poorer

consequences of neoliberalism

>lead to the making of structural adjustment project which is the lowering and removing of trade barriers.

>some countries were stronger and some were in stagnant inflation, crippling ling development

when was the washington consensus made

1990

what was the washington consensus' political stance

pro democracy

washington consensus' is a _______________ version of neoliberalism

lighter

what does the washington consensus emphasize

free market and intervention , strong institutions and good policies

what does the washington consensus do

finding balance between deregulation and accountable governance

what did washintgon consensus influence

sustainable development goals, millennium development goals

what is globalization

interaction and integration occurring between people, trading entities and governments of different nations

factors increasing globalization

increasing use of english, international trade, information technology and social media, cheap air travel, relaxation of visa rules and border control

economic globalization

increase in integration and interdependance of global economics

example of economic globalization

world trade organizations reducing barriers to entry between countries

political globalization

increase in global governance

example of political globalization

IGO and NGO such as the UN

cultural globalization

increase in sharing of ideas, meanings and values across the world

example of cultural globalization

global human rights and use of english

3 impacts of globalization

impact on states, impact on private groups, impact on culture

example of how globalization effects labour

german cars audi are now produced in mexico due to low labour costs

how are MNC's effected by globalization

increase in trade and investment opportunities

what is homogenization

increase in western culture around the world

what is hybridization

mixing of religious ideas and cultural norms

how is there less likelyness of violent conflict due to globalization (Japan-China Example)

japan and china have dependency on each other, china is one of japans largest export patterns and armed conflict would result in economic problems for both countries

advantages of globalization

economic growth, standard of living, can become more democratically open, cultural development

disadvantages of globalization

growing wealth gap, wage competition, regulation avoidance, homogenization

what is regulation avoidance

cooperations can locate factories in countries where regulations are less strict, leading to violation of rights

what is wage competition

competing with workers in other countries, placing pressure on wages

CASE STUDY- INDIA: standard of living and income inequalities

65% of indias population works in agriculture and provide more than half of the food in the indian economy, the globalization of the economy causes GDP to increase but the rich got richer and the poor got poorer

in what ways does globalization cause inequalities in standard of living?

decreased government regulation leading to the fall of wages

what is sustainability

capacity of countries and groups to maintain themselves by reducing factors that threaten wellbeing

three pillars of sustainability

economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability

how does the economy become sustainable

reduce factors that threaten economic wellbeing

how to increase economic sustainability

creating opportunities, new technology, reducing tarrifs

what countries are in the global north

united states, canada, western europe, and developed parts of asia

characterizations of the north

high technology, low birth and death, high women empowerment, low population density

population density

amount of people in a geographical space

what countries are global south

africa, latin america, developing asia, middle east

characteristics of the global south

agriculture based economies, high birth and death rates, low levels of female empowerment, high population density, economic and political dependance on global north

ways of addressing the north-south divide

easing technology transfer, cancelling or rescheduling debts, increasing souths rep in global institutions, adressing food crisis, empowering women

social sustainablity

reducing factors that threaten human social wellbeing

increasing social sustainability

empower women, adress poverty, improve education and healthcare, reduce corruption, emphasis on social justice

how globalization helps in female empowerment

introduction of new ideas on roles of men and women, creation of new opportunities.

how many women work and how much income do they earn

70% of women do the worlds work but only earn 10% of the worlds income

achieving empowerment of women

education, challenging social norms and changing them, equal wage, allowing women to have positions of power

effect of women and social sustainability

20% increase in children survival, less corruption, women take control, low infection (hiv), early marriage

what is environmental sustainability

aim to reduce factors that threaten environmental wellbeing

what does environmental sustainability focus on

land use, atmosphere, food production, energy

ways of maximizing environmental sustainability

mimial energy, water, transport and waste production

the problem with development and environmental sustainability

more people follow a western lifestyle which has high waste production