How the brain works: learning, mem, and platcity

What principle describes the idea that 'cells that fire together wire together'?

Hebbian learning.

What happens to synaptic connections if cells fire at the same time according to Hebbian learning?

The connections are strengthened.

What does reinforcement learning depend on regarding synaptic strength?

Changes in synaptic strength based on the outcomes of firing.

What neurotransmitter moves cells toward action?

Glutamate.

What is the role of GABA in neuronal activity?

It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, moving cells away from action.

Which neurotransmitters can act modulatory and influence whether an action occurs?

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.

What are retro messengers that influence synaptic communication?

Cannabinoids and Nitric oxide.

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A process that strengthens synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

What is long-term depression (LTD)?

A process that weakens synaptic connections based on a lack of activity.

What role do NMDA channels play in synaptic plasticity?

They allow AMPA channels to become integrated into the cell, facilitating stronger synaptic responses.

What is the effect of magnesium on NMDA channels?

Magnesium blocks NMDA channels; its removal allows calcium to enter, facilitating synaptic strengthening.

Which brain region is primarily responsible for explicit learning and episodic memory?

Hippocampus.

What is the role of the amygdala in learning?

It is involved in emotional learning.

What brain structure integrates hedonic pleasure into movement plans?

Nucleus accumbens striatum.

What phenomenon describes the structural changes of dendritic spines during learning?

Plasticity in dendritic spine structure.

What does LTP depend on for forming a neural basis for multiple forms of learning?

Converging inputs.

How do astrocytes contribute to neural transmission?

They play a role in chemical and electrical transmission of information.

What happens to AMPA channels if they are activated only occasionally?

Their effectiveness decreases.