Psychopathology exam 2

lifetime prevalence GAD

6%

what are the two disorders that affect men as much as women

OCD and Bipolar

Psychodynamic attribution of GAD

ego defense mechanism

what neuron does benzodiazepines (anxiety) altar

GABA

which brain circuit is hyperactive with GAD

fear

what neurotransmitters do antidepressants target

serotonin and norepinephrine

lifetime prevalence specific phobias

13%

three types of exposure therapy for specific phobias

systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling

social anxiety lifetime prevalence

12%

panic disorder lifetime prevalence

5%

what part of the brain effects panic disorder

locus coerleus (rich in norepinephrine)

OCD lifetime prevalence

2%

psychodynamic stage associated with OCD

anal stage

when someone believes intrusive thoughts are equivalent to action

thought-action fusion

brain circuit associated with OCD

primitive impulse circuit

primary biological treatment for OCD

SSRIs

what is it called when children are withdrawn, isolated, and cautious

behavioral inhibition

affective agoraphobia treatments

exposure therapy and support groups

how long must anxiety disorders last to meet diagnosis

6 months

disorder commonly comorbid with panic disorder

agoraphobia

release neurotransmitters when brain thinks we are in danger, activates ANS and endocrine system

hypothalamus

connects CNS to other organs (controls involuntary activities)

Autonomic nervous system

system of glands that release hormones

endocrine system

when in danger, hypothalamus excites what system

sympathetic

hypothalamus alerts pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (major stress hormone), then triggers corticosteroids (cortisol)

HPA axis

symptoms of PTSD within a month of event and last under a month

acute stress disorder

how often does acute stress disorder become PTSD

50%

PTSD lifetime prevalence

7%

hormone/neurotransmitter connected to PTSD

cortisol and norepinephrine

brain circuit associated with PTSD

stress circuit (amygdala and hippocampus)

special type of PTSD when someone experiences almost all symptoms

complex PTSD

types of exposure therapy for PTSD

prolonged exposure, written exposure, eye movement desensitization

can't recall important personal events

dissociative amnesia

sense of observing oneself from the outside

depersonalization

sense that nothing is real

derealization

types of dissociative amnesia

localized, selective, generalized, continuous

forget personal identity and flee to a new place

dissociative fugue

DID lifetime prevalence

1%

DID: identities dont know of each other

mutually amnesic

DID: identities aware of others

mutually cognizant

DID: some identities know, some don't (most common)

one-way amnesic

Depersonalization-derealization disorder lifetime prevelance

1-2%

Unipolar depression lifetime prevalence rate

20%

inability to express any pleasure

anhedonia

2+ weeks with 5+ symptoms of depression

major depressive disorder

types of major depressive disorder

seasonal, catatonic, peripartum, melancholic, persistant

onset of depression follows clear-cut stressful events

reactive (exogenous)

onset of depression due to internal factors

endogenous

2 chromosomes, norepinephrine/serotonin, HPA axis, brain circuit malfunction

biological factors of depression

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) do?

block MAO which promotes serotonin and norepinephrine

what do tricyclics do?

act on reuptake mechanisms for serotonin and norepinephrine

what does ketamine do for depression

increases glutamate

what percent of patients improve with ECT

50-80%

implant pulse generator and stimulate for 30 sec every 5 mins

vagus nerve stimulation

electromagnetic coil stimulates prefrontal cortex

transcranial magnetic stimulation

2 tiny holes in head link to pacemaker to send low volt electricity to brain

deep brain stimulation

therapy that increases number of positive events in life

behavioral activation

at least one full manic episode with depressions and hypomanic episodes to follow

bipolar 1 disorder

hypomanic and depressive episodes alternate

bipolar 2 disorder

how many times a year does depression/manic episodes occur to be considered rapid cycling

4+

lifetime prevalence of bipolar

4%

hypomanic and mild depressive episodes is called

cyclothymic disorder

anti-seizure, antipsychotic, ketamine, lithium are meds that help what disorder?

bipolar disorder

what is the only therapy that helps bipolar?

biological

what type of symptoms are sad, depressed, irritable

emotional

what type of symptoms are concentration, indecisive, hopeless, delusions

motivational

what type of symptoms are sleep/apetite loss, fatigue, loss of memory

physiological and behavioral

how long must depressive symptoms last to be considered chronic

2+ years

what percent of people with depression have a recurrence of depression?

70%

neurotransmitters linked to depression

monoamines, GABA, substance P

neroendocrine abnormalities linked to depression

HPA axis, cortisol, melatonin

brain circuits linked to depression

prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex

theory where people question self when events are beyond control

attribution-helplessness theory

theory where rates of depression have increased every generation

cohort effect

neurotransmitter activities in bipolar

high norepinephrine, low seratonin

brain structures related to bipolar

basal ganglia and cerebellum