All of Organisation !! - yr10/y11

What reagent tests for sugars?

Benedict’s solution

What is a positive Benedict’s test result?

Blue to brick red with heat

What reagent tests for starch?

Iodine solution

What is a positive iodine test result?

Orange to blue-black

What reagent tests for protein?

Biuret reagent

What is a positive Biuret test result?

Blue to purple

What is investigated in the amylase practical?

Effect of pH on enzyme activity

What is the independent variable?

pH

What is the dependent variable?

Time taken for starch to be digested

What chemical tests for starch?

Iodine

Why is temperature controlled?

To ensure a fair test

What temperature is used?

37°C

How often is starch tested?

Every 30 seconds

What is transpiration?

Movement of water from roots to leaves

What is translocation?

Movement of sugars through phloem

Which tissue carries water?

Xylem

Which tissue carries sugars?

Phloem

How are root hair cells adapted?

Large surface area for absorption

How does water enter root hair cells?

Osmosis

How do mineral ions enter roots?

Active transport

What strengthens xylem vessels?

Lignin

What is the function of stomata?

Gas exchange and water loss

What do guard cells do?

Open and close stomata

Name factors that increase transpiration

High temperature low humidity wind light

How can transpiration be measured?

By water uptake using a potometer

What is blood?

A tissue

What are the components of blood?

Plasma red blood cells white blood cells platelets

What is the function of plasma?

Transport dissolved substances

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen

What chemical do red blood cells contain?

Haemoglobin

How are red blood cells adapted?

Biconcave shape and large surface area

What do white blood cells do?

Fight infection

What are platelets?

Cell fragments

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What is the epidermis?

Outer layer of the leaf

What is palisade mesophyll?

Layer with many chloroplasts

What is spongy mesophyll?

Layer with air spaces

What is xylem?

Tissue that transports water and mineral ions

What is phloem?

Tissue that transports sugars

What is meristem tissue?

Tissue where cells divide

What are cells?

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

What is a tissue?

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

What is an organ?

An aggregation of tissues performing a specific function

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to form an organism

Put these in order of organisation (smallest to largest)

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

What is size and scale in organisation?

The relative sizes of cells

What is a risk factor?

Something that increases chance of disease

Name lifestyle risk factors

Diet smoking alcohol lack of exercise

What disease is linked to obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

How does smoking affect health?

Lung disease and cancer

How does alcohol affect health?

Liver disease and brain damage

How can smoking affect unborn babies?

Low birth weight and developmental problems

What are carcinogens?

Substances that increase cancer risk

What is the digestive system?

An organ system that digests and absorbs food

Why are enzymes important in digestion?

They speed up chemical reactions

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

A protein

What theory explains enzyme action?

Lock and key theory

Why are enzymes specific?

The active site shape matches the substrate

What two factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature and pH

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

They denature

What happens if pH is not optimum?

The enzyme works more slowly or denatures

What do digestive enzymes do?

Convert large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

Simple sugars

What does amylase do?

Breaks down starch into sugars

What type of enzyme is amylase?

Carbohydrase

What do proteases do?

Break down proteins into amino acids

What do lipases do?

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Where is amylase produced?

Salivary glands pancreas and small intestine

Where are proteases produced?

Stomach pancreas and small intestine

Where are lipases produced?

Pancreas and small intestine

What happens to glucose after digestion?

Used in respiration or stored

What are amino acids used for?

To build new proteins

What are fatty acids and glycerol used for?

To make lipids

Where is bile made?

Liver

Where is bile stored?

Gall bladder

Why is bile alkaline?

To neutralise stomach acid

How does bile help fat digestion?

Emulsifies fat into small droplets

Why does emulsification increase digestion rate?

Increases surface area for lipase

What is the function of the heart?

Pumps blood around the body

What type of circulation do humans have?

Double circulatory system

What does the right ventricle do?

Pumps blood to the lungs

What does the left ventricle do?

Pumps blood to the body

Name the main blood vessels of the heart

Aorta vena cava pulmonary artery pulmonary vein coronary arteries

What does the aorta do?

Carries blood from heart to body

What does the vena cava do?

Carries blood from body to heart

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Carries blood from heart to lungs

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Carries blood from lungs to heart

What do coronary arteries do?

Supply heart muscle with blood

Where are pacemaker cells found?

Right atrium

What is the role of pacemaker cells?

Control heart rate

What is an artificial pacemaker?

Electrical device correcting heart rhythm

What causes CHD?

Fatty deposits in coronary arteries

What is the effect of CHD?

Reduced oxygen to heart muscle