Lab 10 - Genetic Inheritance II

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from Lab 10 on Genetic Inheritance II, focusing on hypothesis testing, the Chi Square test, and expected vs. observed data.

What is the Null Hypothesis (H0)?

A statement that there is no effect or no difference; it is the hypothesis that a test seeks to disprove.

What is the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)?

A statement that there is an effect or a difference; it represents the outcome that the test aims to support.

What statistical test is used for genetic inheritance analysis?

The Chi Square Test.

What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?

The p-value indicates the probability of observing the results given that the null hypothesis is true.

What is considered statistically significant in hypothesis testing?

A p-value less than 0.05 is typically considered statistically significant.

What are the expected phenotypic ratios of a dihybrid cross under the null hypothesis?

9:3:3:1 for the inheritance traits.

What are the expected phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross?

3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.

In the context of the lab, what is being tested regarding the w and vg genes?

The linkage of the white (w) gene and the wing size (vg) gene to other traits.

What does H0 state regarding linkage effects?

H0 states there is no linkage effect between the genes.

What does Ha state regarding linkage effects?

Ha states there is a linkage effect between the genes.

What is the significance of the Chi Square value in the experiment?

It helps determine whether the observed data significantly deviates from expected data.

What was the observed data from the monohybrid cross experiment with 1,000 flies?

528 red eyes and 472 white eyes.

If p < 0.05, what action is taken regarding H0?

H0 is rejected, and Ha is accepted.

What does a high p-value indicate about H0?

It suggests that we cannot reject H0; the observed data may occur by chance.

What does the term 'df' refer to in statistical tests?

Degrees of freedom, which is the number of independent values that can vary in the analysis.

What are the resulting implications if H0 cannot be rejected?

It suggests that any observed differences are likely due to chance.

In hypothesis testing, what is meant by 'expected data'?

The data we predict to see based on H0.

What is the Null Hypothesis (H0)?

A statement that there is no effect or no difference; it is the hypothesis that a test seeks to disprove.

What is the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)?

A statement that there is an effect or a difference; it represents the outcome that the test aims to support.

What statistical test is used for genetic inheritance analysis?

The Chi Square Test.

What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?

The p-value indicates the probability of observing the results given that the null hypothesis is true.

What is considered statistically significant in hypothesis testing?

A p-value less than 0.05 is typically considered statistically significant.

What are the expected phenotypic ratios of a dihybrid cross under the null hypothesis?

9:3:3:1 for the inheritance traits.

What are the expected phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross?

3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.

In the context of the lab, what is being tested regarding the w and vg genes?

The linkage of the white (w) gene and the wing size (vg) gene to other traits.

What does H0 state regarding linkage effects?

H0 states there is no linkage effect between the genes.

What does Ha state regarding linkage effects?

Ha states there is a linkage effect between the genes.

What is the significance of the Chi Square value in the experiment?

It helps determine whether the observed data significantly deviates from expected data.

What was the observed data from the monohybrid cross experiment with 1,000 flies?

528 red eyes and 472 white eyes.

If p < 0.05, what action is taken regarding H0?

H0 is rejected, and Ha is accepted.

What does a high p-value indicate about H0?

It suggests that we cannot reject H0; the observed data may occur by chance.

What does the term 'df' refer to in statistical tests?

Degrees of freedom, which is the number of independent values that can vary in the analysis.

What are the resulting implications if H0 cannot be rejected?

It suggests that any observed differences are likely due to chance.

In hypothesis testing, what is meant by 'expected data'?

The data we predict to see based on H0.

What is the formula for calculating the Chi-Square (\chi^2) statistic?

\chi^2 = \Sigma \frac{(O - E)^2}{E}, where O is the observed count and E is the expected count for each category.

How are the expected values calculated for a monohybrid cross with 1,000 flies, assuming a 3:1 ratio?

For 1,000 flies: 750 (dominant phenotype, 3/4 \times 1000) and 250 (recessive phenotype, 1/4 \times 1000).

What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).

What is a Type II error in hypothesis testing?

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).

How is 'df' (degrees of freedom) typically calculated for a Chi-Square test of genetic crosses?

df = (Number of phenotypic