AP Bio unit 1 test

what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning is reasoning based on large numbers of specific observations. deductive reasoning is specific results from general premises

what is the difference between a theory and a law? can a theory become a law?

a theory summarizes a group of hypotheses, a law is an observation. no, a theory cannot become a law.

what is the difference between null and alternative hypothesis? do you always need both?

a null hypothesis disproves or nullifies, saying that no difference will be made. an alternative hypothesis is just a normal one. yes you always need both

are constants the same as controls? why or why not?

constants are variables kept constant. controls help to eliminate bias

when should a positive control be used? when should a negative control be used?

use a positive control when trying to induce a positive result. use a negative control as a baseline or placebo to ensure no other factors are affecting it.

describe central tendencies. identify when each type of central tendency should be used

mean, median and mode. mean is the average, median is the middle number- used when there are extreme outliers, and mode is the most occurring number- last resort.

what is used to measure variability

range and standard deviation

is data more reliable with high or low standard deviation? why?

low standard deviation. the IV is likely the cause

why do researchers use SEM?

to determine how well does the mean of the sample represent the mean of the population

if error bars overlap, is the data significantly different? why or why not?

no it is not significantly different. if they overlap then some of their data point are the same so theyre not significantly different

identify the elements that make up nearly all living matter

CHOPN

describe covalent bonds and give two examples

when two or more atoms share electrons (usually btwn 2 nonmetals)

describe ionic bonds and give two examples

the attraction btwn oppositely charged atoms (metal and nonmetal)

how are hydrogen bonds different from other types of bonds?

the partial positive hydrogen atom will form a bond with a patrial electronegative oxygen atom

how does electronegativity affect the interactions between water molecules

the electronegativity of the oxygen atom attracts the partial positive charge of the hydrogen atom, creating a hydrogen bond

imagine if O and H had the same electronegativity, what would that do to the properties of water?

the O and H atom would not form a hydrogen bond and the properties of water would not exist

what makes carbon such a versatile element?

carbon can form single double or triple covalent bonds

how many valence electrons does carbon have

carbon has 4 valence electrons

how do functional groups affect the structure and behavior of organic molecules

functional groups are chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions

what is the difference between hydrocarbons and other organic molecules?

hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

differentiate between a hydrolysis and a dehydration reaction

hydrolysis breaks bonds in a polymer by adding H2O, dehydration bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O

how many monomers of proteins are there?

there are 20 different amino acids

how do the r groups of amino acids contribute to protein structure

r groups interact, determining the shape and function of the protein

phospholipids play a major role in cells. where can they be found in a cell and what is their role?

what are polysaccharides? what are their monomers

polysaccharides are polymers with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions. their monomers are monosaccharides

what important roles do polysaccharides play in animals? plants?

polysaccharides in plants store starch, polysaccharides in animals store glycogen (both used for fuel)

how does saturation affect fatty acid structure/function

a saturated fatty acid does not have double bonds between carbons, it is more fluid like

how was the double helix structure of dna discovered

what forms the backbone of dna

why are dna strands antiparallel (why cant both run in the same direction)

what determines the primary structure of a protein

how does the primary structure of a protein affect the other structural levels?

would the function of a protein change if the amino acid sequence changed? why or why not

what interactions occur in the secondary structure? tertiary? quarternary?

what causes a protein to denature? what happens to a protein if denatured?

what macromolecule would both starch and cellulose be considered? compare their structure and function

true or false: a change in a proteins structure will change its function

identify three components of a nucleotide

what is the monomer called if it is lacking a phosphate group?

list the possible nitrogenous bases that can be found in nucleotides

compare and contrast dna and rna

where can dna be found in a cell, what about rna

what functional group defines the 5’ end, what functional group defines the 3’ end