STATS FINAL REVIEW

What is Internal Validity?

measurement of study methods with confounding variables within the study

The age group best

describe by the terms

Young men/Young

Women, She/He,

They/Them.

18-year old

participants

In regards to hypothesis, this will be concluded when an independent variable did effect the dependent variable.

reject the null hypothesis

What is the Z-score?

(Score-Mean)/SD

z score

a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the average

What is Negative

Predicated Value?

Measurement of a

tests ability to

determine probability

of no disease in a =

test result

The use of data

containing two

variables for

descriptive analysis.

Bivariate analysis

This body gives approval to do a blinded study that involves humans that have no idea they are being participants.

IRB

This value would be the ideal value for a P value to have the strongest significant value.

0.01

What does this describe

Number set

1+2+6+5+41+10+55

+20=n

n/8

Mean (average of a se of values)

This is a standardized

score that measures

how many standard

deviations a data

point is from the

mean of a

distribution.

z-score

A measurement of a study's methods and whether there are confounding variables within the study.

internal validity

The portion in AMA formatting that you would include the steps that you have taken to answer your research question.

Methods

This error is finding the p-value to be <0.5 without recommendation for treatment however later it found the data invalid and the treatment was indeed effective.

Type II error

Type II error

finding the p-value to be

<0.5 without

recommendation for

treatment however

later it found the data

invalid and the

treatment was indeed

effective.

Type II error definition

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

How do you calculate SD?

1. calc the mean

of data set

2. Subtract mean from

each, then square the

result

3. Calc the mean of

squared differences

4. find the square

root

What does this describe

You are given a group

of numbers (1-5) that

you will add together

and divide by the

number 5 to get this

value.

mean

systematically manipulated by the investigator to determine how the outcome was impacted

independent variable

What is Systematic

Review?

literature review

focused on a single

question that tries to

identify, appraise,

select and synthesize

all high quality

research evidence

relevant.

What variable do these fall under? characteristics such as gender, race, eye color.

categorical

What is the MODE?

1,5,7,5,9,5,11

5

How many SDs are within 99.7%

of your data points within this normal

bell curve.

+/- 3 SD

What is the standard deviation?

value is when

you add a group of

numbers together/#

of values used to get

an average but you

want to see how far

that your range

extends to meet 95%

CI.

value is when you add a group of numbers together/# of values used to get an average but you want to see how far that your range extends to meet 95% CI.

standard deviation

What is the DOUBLE-

BLINDED study?

Research method

when the concept of

which both the

researcher and

participants are NOT

aware of which

treatment has been

assigned.

Research method when the concept of which both the researcher and participants are NOT aware of which treatment has been assigned.

double blinded study

middle

number in a set of

data points that line

up from least to

greatest.

median

Ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Used together with differences and ratio, you get the association between exposure and the outcome.

Relative risk/risk ratio

Relative risk/risk ratio

Ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Used together with differences and ratio, you get the association between exposure and the outcome.

Prevalence

proportion of disease over a certain time (not new

cases alone)

What are the two distinctive types of research titles

Indicative and informative

Which question would not be helpful in reading a research problem?

Will this study be published?

A hypothesis is:

A statement of prediction or observation that can be evaluated, measured or

analyzed

What types of research generates new theory

Pure

Healthcare providers may be asked to participate in a clinical research study as a

Study coordinator

T/F

Insufficient acknowledgement is a form of plagiarism that restates a phrase or passage that provides the same meaning, but in a different form without attribution to the original author.

True

What type of research is a study of time usage

Applied

What type of research Is most controlled

Laboratory

What style is this?: Bloomer, RJ, Falvo MJ, Schilling BK, Smith WA. Prior exercise and

antioxidant supplementation:Effect on oxidative stress and muscle injury. J int Sports Nutr.

2007;4:9

Vancouver

General format: Number. Author(s). Title of work. Location: Publisher; Year.

Research that is preformed without literature review can be describes as

poor practice

What style is this?: Hooker, R. S., Cawley, J. F., & Asprey, D. P. (2010). Physician assistants:

Policy and practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Co.

APA

General format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Source.

Which of the following is defined as the rate at which new cases of disease occur

(frequency)?

incidence

What is an example of an ordinal measurement?

libert scale

Which of the following steps in the scientific method is used during the literature

review/introduction portion of your research project?

Research

What type of research includes trend analysis?

Descriptive

What type of research includes random assignment as a means of controlled extraneous

variables?

experimental

The __ and __ aspects of the five steps of evidence based practice fall outside the

discussion on literature searching.

Apply and Assess

T/F

Any type of research performed can qualify as "regulated research."

FALSE

What are two key ways to overcome initial fears when presenting your research?

Know your material and practice numerous times

T/f

Literature interpretation is a skill that does not require extra work from the researcher

because it's a genetic condition

False

What is the meaning for PICO?

Population, intervention, comparison, outcome

Which person oversees and manages adverse events that occur to study participants

Clinical study monitor

When determine our topic it is important o follow the steps of EBP; the first step is __. This

step involves __.

Ask; define the question

Systematic, organized process that goes through several steps

research

Study of methods to promote evidence into health care practice

implementation science

The first building block of understanding the pathogenesis of disease

Foundation

Understanding of literature for maintaining the base

Basic science research

To qualify for Fair Use, what factors that need to be considered?

Both purpose and nature of the work and amount of copyrighted work used and effect of the work's value

Which of the following hypotheses, is a statement of prediction or observation?

Hypothesis

When choosing a research project for a class, which of the following factors should be

considered?

Knowing what is expected, identifying clear parameters and following

organizational guidelines

T/f

Without a literature review there can be no project

True

The research paper should be written keeping which of the following in mind?

It should be written concise and clear

Research type:

Describes a group, situation or person to gain knowledge that may be applied to

other group

descriptive

Research type:

Designed to help people do their jobs better

applied

Research type:

Performed in a setting where control over variables is quite difficult

clinical

Research type:

Abstract and general, generating new theories and knowledge

pure

Research type:

Manipulation of one variable to see the effect on another variable; random subject

assignment

experimental

Research type:

Performed in an area where surroundings are controlled

Lab

What is a pitfall of large sample size?

Minimizing the importance of a finding

Which of the following terms are defined as sources that directly discuss the original

research done by the authors?

Primary

What type of research evaluates therapeutic results?

Clinical

What are the five main steps to the scientific method?

Problem, question, methods, results, interpretation

What type of data is gender?

nominal

There are different ways to tell if an article has been peer-reviewed. What is one?

Checkbox to limit search results

Which of the following factors are required for a good research question?

Potential impact, justification, feasibility

Which clinical trial phase is considered the "first-in-human" research study?

Phase I

The outcome can be as __ or as __ that it needs to be to achieve your goal

General, specific

When conducting surveys for research, you are permitted to use which type of research?

Telephone survey, web-based surveys, persona interview survey

What type of research includes qualitative measures?

descriptive

Which phase established the toxicity of an investigational medication?

Phase I

What are the five steps in the introduction to evidence-based practice

Ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess

What is a valid source for research ideas?

Requests from government or private organizations

Clinical Investigations

Lit review

T/F

Tables and graphs are not necessary unless it directly supplements the writing

True

T/f

Healthcare providers should not be concerned with writing skills and aspects of publishing

papers because they are clinicians, not writers

False

Which questions should you consider when evaluating pieces of research to use?

When and where was it published

What type of article is it

Are the authors experts in their field

When conducting clinical research, the two most critical aspects are:

The participants have a complete understanding of the study and to protect them at all times

In which clinical trial phase are participants randomized to evaluate the effectiveness and

therapeutic range of a drug

Phase II

Which statement is false when explaining the use of research

A tool to be used only for lab and clinical settings

what are some of the important considerations for phase/step 2?

Acquire evidence

The desired percentage of scores that falls within certain range of confidence limits. It is calculated by subtracting the alpha level from 1 and multiplying times 100. What term would be used with this description?

Confidence interval

Research involving human subjects to evaluate medical interventions (drugs, devices, procedures).

Clinical investigation

Phases of Clinical Investigation

Phase I: Safety, toxicity, dosage.

Phase II: Efficacy, side effects.

Phase III: Larger population, compares to standard therapy.

Phase IV: Post-marketing surveillance.

T/F

Case Studies are not considered evidence-based even though the authors have studied the case in

great depth.

True

The relative risk formula is

D) = (a / a+d) / (c/ c+d)

To highlight the need for IRB regulations in research, a prime example would the case of Harvey

Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Department of Agriculture. What did he do that was unethical?

He recruited 12 unmarried men to eat contaminated food to study which preservatives were toxic

One of the disadvantages of case reports is:

Not based on systematic studies

A document often written by a panel that provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies on

a particular clinical or health-related topic/question.

Systematic Review

A systematic review concludes that a new drug is more effective than standard therapy for asthma,

but most included studies had a high risk of bias. What is the most appropriate next step?

Critically appraise individual studies before making a decision

You are reviewing a study that reports a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 50% for a new diabetes medication. What additional information is MOST important to assess the clinical relevance of the study findings?

absolute risk reduction (ARR)