Unit 5 - AP World History: Modern

The Americas (1700)

Overseas empires begin to show interest.

Peru (1700)

Under Spanish control for another century.

Japan (1700)

Isolated from the rest of the world.

Japan's Population (1700)

Indicates a strong economy despite size.

Silk Road Population (1700)

Larger populations concentrated along trade routes.

North America (1750)

Spain controls Mexico; West remains untouched.

North America (1800)

America gains independence and territory via purchase.

New Spain (1800)

Expands into North America, affecting local tribes.

Christianity in New Spain

Introduced violently to support government control.

Native American Enslavement

Government practices forced labor on indigenous peoples.

Latin America Independence (1830)

Most colonies declare independence from Spain.

Viceroyalty of Spain (1800)

Expanded further into North America.

Polish-Lithuania (1750)

Disbanded during this period.

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Major political upheaval in France.

Storming of the Bastille

Key event on July 14, 1789.

Qing China (1900)

Disbanded; faced colonial pressures from several nations.

India (1857)

Majority taken over by British control.

Africa (1800)

Composed of individual tribes and nations.

Africa (1900)

Divided into European colonies disregarding tribes.

Adam Smith

Father of Modern Economics; wrote The Wealth of Nations.

Invisible Hand

Market self-regulation through individual self-interest.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone, revolutionizing communication.

Alfred Dreyfus

Falsely accused officer; sparked antisemitism scandal.

Baron Montesquieu

Advocated separation of powers in government.

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist who expanded colonial power in Africa.

De Beers Diamond Company

Founded by Rhodes, key player in diamond industry.

Rhodesia

Former name of Zimbabwe and Zambia, established by Rhodes.

Charles Fourier

French theorist who promoted utopian socialism.

Phalansteries

Ideal communities envisioned by Charles Fourier.

Utopian Socialist

Advocate for ideal societies and cooperative living.

Matthew Perry

U.S. officer who opened Japan to trade.

Isolationism

Japan's policy before Perry's intervention.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin, revolutionized cotton production.

Cotton Gin

Machine that increased efficiency of cotton processing.

Emperor Guangxu

Chinese emperor who attempted modernization reforms.

Hundred Days' Reform

Guangxu's short-lived attempt to modernize China.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Conservative ruler opposing modernization in China.

Francis Bacon

Philosopher who championed the scientific method.

Scientific Method

Process of observation and experimentation in science.

Friedrich Engels

Co-founder of Marxism and co-author of The Communist Manifesto.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Key figure in the unification of Italy.

Red Shirts

Garibaldi's volunteer army in Italian unification.

Guglielmo Marconi

Inventor of radio, revolutionized long-distance communication.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Proposed society organized around industrialism and science.

Industrialism

Societal organization based on industrial production.

Isaac Newton

Influential physicist known for laws of motion.

Calculus

Mathematical field developed by Isaac Newton.

Isaac Newton

Revolutionized understanding of the universe; classical mechanics.

James Watt

Inventor who improved steam engine efficiency.

Industrial Revolution

Period transforming transportation and manufacturing.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher advocating individual liberty and social contract.

The Social Contract

1762 work arguing government derives power from consent.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural rights and government protection.

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, and property as fundamental rights.

American Revolution

Influenced by Locke's ideas on government and rights.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher advocating individual liberty and women's rights.

19th-century Liberalism

Political ideology influenced by Mill's ideas.

Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist known for Marxism.

The Communist Manifesto

1848 work outlining class struggle and communism.

Das Kapital

Marx's critique of political economy and capitalism.

Mahmud II

Sultan who implemented Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire.

Tanzimat Reforms

Modernization efforts including military and legal reforms.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early feminist advocating for women's equality and education.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

1792 work arguing for women's rights and participation.

Muhammed Ali

Ruler modernizing Egypt and establishing independence.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who spread revolutionary ideals across Europe.

Napoleonic Code

Legal reforms influencing European legal systems.

Military Victories

Napoleon's conquests reshaped European political landscape.

Social Transformation

Economic and social changes during Muhammed Ali's rule.

Feminist Thought

Wollstonecraft's ideas laid foundation for gender equality.

Otto von Bismarck

First Chancellor of Germany, unified Germany.

Iron Chancellor

Bismarck's nickname for his strong leadership.

Realpolitik

Practical politics used by Bismarck.

Richard Arkwright

Inventor who advanced the Industrial Revolution.

Water Frame

Arkwright's invention improving textile machinery.

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist advocating for worker rights.

Cooperative Movement

Owen's influence on collective economic practices.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader known as 'The Liberator'.

Liberation Campaigns

Bolivar's military efforts against Spanish rule.

Theodor Herzl

Father of modern Zionism, advocated for Jewish state.

Der Judenstaat

Herzl's work promoting a Jewish state in Palestine.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher arguing for absolute sovereignty in Leviathan.

Leviathan

Hobbes' work on social order and governance.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary thinker advocating for American independence.

Common Sense

Paine's pamphlet promoting independence from Britain.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution for independence.

Haitian Revolution

Movement establishing Haiti as a black republic.

Voltaire

Enlightenment philosopher advocating for free speech.

Freedom of Speech

Voltaire's key idea promoting individual expression.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at ending slavery globally.

Key Figures of Abolitionism

Prominent activists like Wilberforce and Tubman.

Capitalism

Economic system of private ownership and profit.

Key Principles of Capitalism

Includes competition, free trade, limited government intervention.

Capitalism

Economic system driving growth and innovation, causing inequalities.

Conservatism

Political philosophy emphasizing tradition and social stability.

Limited Government Intervention

Minimal government involvement in economic and social affairs.

National Defense

Strong military capability to protect national interests.

Deism

Philosophy prioritizing reason and natural law over dogma.

Creator God

Belief in a god who initiates but does not intervene.

Empiricism

Philosophy emphasizing experience and observation for knowledge.