Waves

Energy

the ability to do work

heat

energy that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference

convection

heat transfer by the flow of matter

conduction

heat transfer by direct contact

radiation

heat transfer by em waves

conductor

a substance that allows electricity to flow

insulator

a substance that does not readily allow the the flow of electricity or heat

wavelength

the distance in which the waves shape repeats

frequency

the amount of vibrations per second

amplitude

the maximum displacement from its equilibrium

speed

the distance the wave travels in a given amount of time

hertz

the unit for frequency

velocity

the speed of a wave in a given direction

medium

the substance that transfers the energy or light

features of a transverse wave

1. wavelength
2. trough
3. amplitude
4. crest

features of a longitudinal wave

a. compression
b. rarefaction
c. wavelength

what type of waves are sound waves

sound waves are longitudinal waves

how do sound waves transfer energy

energy is transferred through the vibration of air particles of a solid through which the sound travels

what is the EM spectrum

the EM spectrum is the range of all EM radiation frequencies. it consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, x-rays, and gamma rays.

wave equation

v/f lambda

what is ionising radiation

ionising radiation is radiation with atoms that have enough energy to ionise other atoms by removing electrons from them.

how does radiation on the EM spectrum differ in terms of wavelength and frequency

radio waves have the lowest frequency, lowest energy and largest wavelength and gamma rays have the highest frequency, highest energy and smallest wavelength.

1 use of radiowaves

used to broadcast radio and television

1 use of microwaves

used in microwaves to heat up food

1 use of infrared

thermal imagery

1 use of visible light

allows things to be seen

1 use of UV

is used in the medical industry for a variety of purposes such as creating fluorescent lighting effects

1 use of x-rays

used to view inside of bodies and objects

1 use of gamma rays

used to kill cancer cells in medicine

reflection

light bouncing off a medium without absorbing it.

refraction

the bending of light from one medium to another. refraction is caused by different optical densities, the change in direction is caused by a change in speed.

absorption

a process in which light is absorbed and converted into energy

use of reflection

mirror

use of refraction

magnifying glass

focal length

distance from focal point to the centre of the lens

law of reflection

on reflection from a smooth surface, the angle of the reflected ray is equal to the angle of the incident ray

multicellular

consisting of many cells

unicellular

having or consisting of a single cell

role of digestive system + 4 components

The role of the digestive system is to transport, digest and absorb food, extracting nutrients used for energy, growth and cell repair. Organs:
Stomach
Mouth
Liver
Small and Large intestines

role of circulatory system + 4 components

The role of the Circulatory system is to transport and deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide.. Organs:
Heart
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

role of respiratory system + 4 components

The role of the respiratory system is to aid the body in breathing. The respiratory tract conveys air from the mouth and nose to the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries. Organs:
Lungs
Alveoli
Trachea
Diaphragm

role of excretory system + 4 components

The role of the urinary/excretory system is to maintain the volume and composition of bodily fluids and ridding the body of waste products. Organs:
Urethra
Ureter
Kidneys
Bladder

stimuli

anything that can trigger a reaction

central nervous system

the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord

neurotransmitter

a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

synapse

the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle

brain

an organ that coordinates the function of the nervous system

spinal cord

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

gland

any of the various organs that secrete particular chemical substances for use in the body

hormones

a regulatory substance produced in an organism to influence mood or action

somatic nervous system

A component of the peripheral system that connects the nervous system to the muscles to control voluntary movement and reflex arcs

autonomic nervous system

a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.

nerve

any bundle of nerve fibres running to various organs and tissues of the body that carry electrical impulses between the body and the brain

sensory neuron

are cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. They transmit sensory impulses to the brain.

motor neuron

Motor neurons transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles and skeletal system, hence controls movement

receptor

Receptors detect environmental change and in response stimulate electrical impulses.

effector

An effector converts impulses sent from the nervous system into an action

role of the soma

A soma contains genetic information and maintains the neuron structure

role of the dendrite

Dendrites receive synaptic inputs from axons, they process these signals and transfer the information to the soma

role of the axon

Axons transport electrical impulses away from the cell body to be received by other neurons

reflex reaction

an involuntary and sudden response to stimuli

reflex arc

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex reaction

reflex pathway

1. receptor senses a stimulus
2. sensory neuron transmits signal up the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
3. central nervous system decodes the signal and sends it back to the motor neurons and then the brain
4. motor neurons send directions beck to the site of the stimulus
5. effector cells respond by contracting or secreting

endocrine system

the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity

describe the adrenal gland, the hormones it produces and its effect

produces adrenaline. Adrenaline triggers the fight, flight or freeze response by increasing bp and heart rate by redirecting blood toward major muscle groups providing muscles with the requirements to either fight, flight or freeze

describe the thyroid, the hormones it produces and its effect

produces thyroxine. increase metabolic rate, regulates bone growth and increases the body's sensitivity to catecholamines

describe the thymus, the hormones it produces and its effect

produces thymosin. stimulates T-cell production. it ensures the cells are mature so that they can perform their duties within the immune system.

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable state

function of testicle

produce sperm and testosterone

function of scrotum

holds and protects testicles. holds them outside body to keep them cool

function of epididymis

carries and stores sperm to mature it after it leaves the testes

function of sperm duct (vas deferens)

moves sperm away from its storage place to the outside body.

function of prostate

produces prostatic fluid. contributes additional fluid to ejaculate

function of seminal vesicle

produces a sugar rich fluid that provides sperm with energy and helps with the sperms ability to move

function of penis

Used for sexual intercourse and acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body

function of urethra

Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. In males it also serves as a mode of expelling semen (ejaculation) when orgasming

function of ovaries

produce/store eggs for fertilisation and produce the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

function of fallopian tubes

serves as a pathway for the ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes.

function of uterus

implantation of the fertilised egg occurs. It is the location of the baby development before birth

function of vagina

where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse. The baby exits the females body through the vagina and is the route through which menstrual blood is expelled

function of cervix

allows the passage of sperm through the production of mucus to facilitate sperm entry

summarised journey of sperm to ova (8 steps)

1. sperm cells released into female reproductive system
2. once through the cervix cells swim through uterus to fallopian tubes following signals (chemotaxis) emitted by the cumulus cells of the egg
3. on the way sperm cells undergo physical and biochemical changes
4. sperm cells meet the barrier of cumulus cells, to pass through the zona pellucida the cells undergo a crosome reaction that releases an enzyme that allows for entry
5. tail detaches
6. other cells cannot enter (becomes impermeable)
7.fertilisation occurs forming a zygote
8. zygote moves back to uterus and implants itself in the inner wall.

disease

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning

non-infectious disease

illnesses not caused by pathogens and therefore cannot be spread from one person to another

immunity

the ability for an organism to resist a certain infection or toxin

pathogen

any disease-producing agent

health

a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease

infectious disease

illnesses caused by the spread of microorganisms or prions to other humans, animals or the environment.

vaccination

the injection of a small weakened version of a disease into the body in order to develop the antibodies needed to fight the real virus.

infectious disease examples + the pathogen that causes them (4)

bacteria - tuberculosis
virus - covid
fungi - ring worm
protozoans - malaria

non infectious disease factors + examples (5)

environmental - skin cancer (excessive exposure to UV radiation in sunlight)
metabolic - diabetes (destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas)
inherited - cystic fibrosis (defective gene)
mental - schizophrenia (affects a persons ability to think, feel, and behave clearly)
nutritional - vitamin C deficiency (lack of vitamin c in ones diet)

Innate Immune system - 1st line of defence

role is to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Physical barriers: skin, cilia, urine. Chemical barriers: stomach acid. both: tears, saliva, mucus

Innate Immune system - 2nd line of defence

a general response to infection. consists of fever (an increase in body temp to slow or kill pathogens), phagocytes (a type of white blood cell that 'swallows' pathogens to destroy them) and inflammation (painful redness or swelling around the site of infection)

Adaptive Immune system - 3rd line of defence

role is to identify and destroy specific pathogens as well as build a long lasting immunity against the pathogen in case of reinfection.

how does vaccination prevent illness

role of radiation in medical technology

biosphere

regions of the earths surface and atmosphere occupied by living organisms

atmosphere

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet

geosphere/lithosphere

the rocks and minerals of the earth, contains the crust and upper mantle