ABPSYCH-Quiz#1

Psychological Disorder

It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Criteria for Psychological Disorder

1. psychological dysfunction

2. distress or impairment

3. atypical response

Psychological Dysfunction

breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Distress or Impairment

behavior must be associated with _______ to be classified as a disorder

Distress and suffering

are a natural part of life and do not in themselves constitute a psychological disorder

Atypical or Not Culturally Expected

Actions outside cultural norms or deviates from average

Psychopathology

Scientific study of psychological disorders

Psychopathology

Study of the nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

Challenges to the study of Psychopathology

1. Objectivity

2. Avoiding preconceived notions

3. Reducing stigma

Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders

1. Clinical description

2. Causation (etiology)

3. Treatment and outcome

Presents

presenting problem of the client

Clinical Description

Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Prevalence

How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder

Incidence

how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year

2 types of onset

1. acute onset

2. insidious onset

insidious onset

any disease that comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at first

acute onset

meaning that illness begin suddenly

Course

most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, or _____

Types of course

1. chronic

2. episodic

3. time-limited

chronic course

meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

episodic course

course in that the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

time-limited course

meaning the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Prognosis

The anticipated course of a disorder

Etiology

the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions

Conversion Hysteria

The viewpoint, originally advanced by Freud

Biopsychosocial Model

The view that biological, psychological, and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness.

Asylum

Establishment for the confinement and care of the mentally ill

Moral Therapy

a system originated with the well-known French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel and his close associate Jean-Baptiste Pussin

Moral Therapy

During the first half of the 19th century, a strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders called ______

Dorothea Dix

began the mental hygiene movement and spent much of her life campaigning for reform in the treatment of the mentally ill.

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalytic theory

sex and aggression

Human behavior as determined by unconscious forces such as ____ and ____

Psychopathology

results from conflicts among these unconscious forces

Id

Unconscious

Pleasure Principle

Immediate gratification

Libido

ego

Primarily conscious

Reality Principle

Attempt to satisfy ID's demands within reality's constraints

Superego

The conscience

Develops as we incorporate parental and societal values

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.

Denial

Refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

Displacement

Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person

Projection

Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

Rationalization

Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

Reaction formation

Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones

Repression

Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

Sublimation

Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

Psychosexual Stages of Development

1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage

3. Phallic Stage

4. Latency Stage

5. Genital Stage

Major Techniques of Psychoanalysis

1. free association

2. interpretation

3. dream analysis

4. analysis of transference

Free Association

patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring

Free Association

is intended to reveal emotionally charged material that may be repressed because it is too painful or threatening to bring into consciousness

dream analysis

(still quite popular today), in which the therapist interprets the content of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id, and systematically relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts

Interpretation

Analyst points out to the patient the real meaning of the patient's certain behaviors

Analysis of transference

The patient responds to the analyst in ways that the patient has previously responded to other important figures is his or her life, and the analyst helps the patient understand and interpret these responses

Humanistic Theorists

Abraham Maslow

Carl Rogers

Neo-Freudians

Carl Jung

Alfred Adler

Melanie Klein

Erik Erikson

Karen Horney

Humanistic Theory

all about reaching one's potential and free will

Self-actualizing

was the watchword for this movement. The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.

Behavioral Model

Emphasis on Learning rather than innate tendencies and focuses on observable behavior

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.

classical conditioning

Learning through association

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences