Medieval Europe, Japan, and Africa Test Study Guide

humanism

study of humans and their values through grammar, history, philosophy, rhetorics, poetry, politics

Petrarch

father of humanism, believed education makes people better, wrote Africannus

Giovanni Boccaccio

wrote the Decameron, spreads humanism to Europe, inspiring Shakespeare to start Renaissance

Decameron

by Giovanni Boccaccio, marks beginning of literary Renaissance

Botticelli

artist of first true Renaissance painting

Rafael

artist of the Academy, classic Roman design

Titian

greatest painter of Venice, and the first painter to have mainly international clientele

Florence, Venice, Milan

take over governments by owning merchants, production center, important to Renaissance bc provides alot of $$

patronage

support that kings give to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors. They do this to make them seem even more rich and powerful

Borgia family

heavily involved with the church and politics, Pope Borgia dad of Lucrezia

Lucrezia Borgia

sleeps around, doesn’t need to elevate status (already has high one), doesn’t stay married for long, was Pope when her dad left

Caterina Sforza is…

represents humanistic and Renaissance ideals bc she wants power

Pope Alexander VI

head Pope, very rich, can marry and annuled Lucrezia marriage, elected to be Pope by College of Cardinals

pagan

religion rooted in nature and indigenous people practice it

Isabella of Castile

Queen at 23, married to King Ferdinand, unite their kingdoms=Spain, known as Catholic Monarch

Ferdinand of Aragon

unites their kingdom to make Spain, married to Queen Isabella, known as Catholic Monarch

how was Spain formed

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella combining their kingdoms

Spanish Inquisition

court that questioned religious belief, hires lawyers to question people, if being questioned you die, all in Europe

1482

year war waged on kingdom of Granada

1492

war lasts 10 years, Granada surrenders, on their way home they are stopped by Christopher Columbus

why did Christopher Columbus stop Granada

wants $ to sail to India to start Crusade= induce Raptor so the Messiah would return (say yes)

why did they fund Christopher Columbus

they wanted to convert more people to Christianity

Conquest of Granada in 1492

Isabella giving Christopher Columbus support and permission to explore overseas

why was Granada attacked

they were Muslim and they needed to further unify Spain

1492 Edict of expulsion against the Jews

Ferdinand and Isabella forced Jews to convert to Christianity and they would be kicked out of Spain

The Olmec civilization

Meso- American established, came from jungled along Gulf of Mexico

Olmec Colossal Heads

giant stone boulders with elite warriors buried with them

elite warriors

half man, half jaguar and attacks victims (all Mayans in high class are this)

Olmec religion

polytheistic, giving sacrifices to the earth, water, fire, and agricultural fertility gods.

Yucatán Peninsula

where the Mayans are, technological and cultural backwater (backwards), separates Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

milpas

fields curated by controlled fire (takes a long time and not productive)

Tikal

important Mayan city, unorganized, large city, no roads, or walls =easy to invade

Teotihuacán

greatest and most important city (85-100 thousand people), big trading place

Temple of the Sun God

sacred religious temple

Aztec founding myth

tribal leader, Huitzilopochtli,told that his people should settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its beak. The Aztecs arrived at a lake, saw the symbol and settled in Tenochtitlan.

Chinampas

created to make fertilizing easier, 6-7 harvests a year, got alot of food so could focus on warfare

Temple of Huitzilopochtli (sun god) and Tlaloc (rain god)

double temple, where they would sacrifice humans

tzompantl

(below temple) where heads were put on a stake, had games to decide who would be sacrificed Motecuhzoma

Motecuhzoma II

was more interested in religion than warfare, wants to reform gov, reduces court officials, manipulated by Hernan

Bernardino de Sahagún

monk, languist, goes to New Spain to covert indigenous people into Christianity, he is translator for them

why did Bernardino de Sahagún journal

to have data of Aztec life and culture before they were influenced by Spain

what is the Florentine Codex

journal of Aztec’s life, culture, and language

who tried to destroy the Florentine Codex

King Philip II

Hernán Cortés

from Spain, tries to take Aztec Empire, destroys Tenochtitlan by spreading small pox