Chapter 11: Solution Property

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 11: Dissolution process, electrolytes, solubility, colligative properties, miscibility, and osmotic concepts.

The substance present in the larger amount in a solution is called the .

solvent

The substance dissolved in the solvent is the .

solute

What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

The dissolved solute in a solution will not from the solvent.

separate

The formation of a solution is a process that requires no energy input.

spontaneous

In an ideal solution, the adage ' __' describes the similarity of intermolecular forces.

like dissolves like

What are substances that dissolve in water and yield ions called?

electrolytes

HCl in water forms hydronium ions (H3O+) and Cl−; this explains why it conducts electricity well. What ions are formed?

hydronium ions (H3O+) and chloride ions (Cl−)

Solubility is the maximum concentration of a solute in solution that can be achieved at a given .

temperature

Saturated solution has [solute] equal to the ; unsaturated has [solute] < solubility; supersaturated has [solute] > solubility.

solubility

Henry’s Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the gas's partial pressure: Cg = k Pg. What does Cg represent?

solubility of the gas in the liquid

Two liquids that mix completely are called .

miscible

Two liquids that do not mix are called .

immiscible

Vapor pressure lowering occurs when a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in a volatile solvent because solute molecules the surface area and hinder vaporization.

decrease (or block)

Raoult’s law for a component A in an ideal solution: PA = XA PA^0; the vapor above is enriched in the more _ component.

volatile

The van’t Hoff factor i is the number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution.

the number of dissolved particles per formula unit (e.g., i ≈ 2 for NaCl)

Molality (m) is defined as moles of solute per kilogram of .

solvent

Which concentration unit remains constant with temperature: molarity or molality?

Molality

Colligative properties depend on the total number of solute particles; four main ones include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and .

osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure is described by Π = i M R T; what does R stand for?

the gas constant

Osmosis is diffusion of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the to the .

pure solvent; solution

Reverse osmosis occurs when applied pressure exceeds osmotic pressure to move solvent from the to the pure solvent.

solution

In a phase diagram, for a solution the liquid-vapor boundary lies below the pure solvent boundary, indicating vapor pressure lowering and a higher boiling point. This is a manifestation of properties.

colligative

Solubility of gases in water generally decreases with increasing .

temperature

Sodium acetate hand warmers rely on crystallization of a supersaturated solution to release heat; the process is .

exothermic

Hydration shells are formed around dissolved ions by interactions with water.

ion-dipole

Like dissolves like refers to the dependence of solubility on or polarity.

intermolecular forces (polarity)

What is a nonelectrolyte?

A substance that does not yield ions in solution.