Chapter 10 intro to nurs

Scientific method

Systematic way of thinking and solving problems

Bias

Refers to systematic distortion fo a finding from data, often resulting from a problem with a sample

Quantitative Research

standardized experimental designs with hypothesis, measurable variables and outcomes, and statistical analysis

Qualitative Research

Relies on data collection techniques like narrative interviews and participant observation

Qualitative research

Commonly used in social sciences where measurement of phenomena may not be possible

Types of qualitative research

Ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory

Mixed methods

combination of qualitative and quantitative

Pure science

summarizes and explains the universe without regard for whether the information is immediately useful - new knowledge

applied science

practical application of scientific theory and laws - also known as clinical science

Translational research

conduit between bench research and bedside research, takes the findings in the laboratories and develops them for use at the bedside.

o It also takes the findings from clinical research done at the bedside to ask new questions and to direct new research at the bench level.

inductive reasoning

The process begins with a particular experience and proceeds generalizations

Inferences are made that lead to further research

deductive reasoning

A process in which conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises

Proceeds from the general case to specific

Valid rather than true

Limitations of strict definition of scientific method in nursing

1. Health care settings are not comparable with laboratories.

2. Human beings are far more than collections of parts that can be dissected and subjected to examination or experimentation.

3. The claim for objectivity (freedom from bias)

Where does nursing research come from?

Clinical practices, theories, and literature

Nursing research does what?

improves care of patients

Nursing research

systematic investigation of phenomena related to improving patient care

A problem may be amenable to being addressed by research if:

•A conceptual framework exists or can be constructed from previous research. The problem fits logically and aligns with what is already known.

•Based on related research findings published in professional, peer-reviewed journals or is supported by similar ongoing research in other settings.

•Carefully designed. The results will be applicable in similar situations or will generate hypotheses for further research and testing.

Barriers to Building Nursing Knowledge

It can be expensive

To receive funding, nurses must do research that interests others, it must demonstrate significance, and must have support from reviewers.

Institutional review board (IRB) approval can be difficult to obtain.

National institute of nursing research

A federal agency responsible for the support of nursing research by establishing a national research agenda, funding grants and research awards, and providing training.

Support basic, clinical, and translational research to build scientific foundation for clinical practice

Prevent disease and disability

Manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness

Enhance palliative and end of life care

Train next generation of scientists

evidence-based practice

An element of CRITICAL THINKING and improves CLINICAL JUDGEMENT

awareness of research that support specific interventions

Focusing on evidence of effective interventions helps prevent nursing practice from deteriorating into routine or traditional care

Ways to stay current and aware of new evidence:

Continuing education courses, professional conferences, journals, and membership in professional organizations

PICOT

Tool for evaluating interventions

P: Population

I: Intervention

C: Comparison

O: Outcome

T: Time

Population of interest

Patient group with which you want to intervene

Intervention

A new idea or practice that you are interested in implementing

Comparison

What is already being done

Outcome

Goal of interventions with population

Time

The timeframe in which the patient problem is relevent

Well-executed randomized, controlled trials carry much weight in immediate change in practice.

•Descriptive or qualitative studies may inform practice.

Sigma theta tau

honors society of nursing

is a leader in the development and dissemination of knowledge to improve nursing practice

Arizona state university college of nursing and health innovation

Center for the advancement of evidence based practice

Research Process

All research must be rigorously planned, carefully implemented, and analyzed meticulously

Nursing Research

Focuses on patient's responses amenable to nursing care

Step 1 of Research Process

Identification of a researchable problem

Step 2 of Research Process

Review the literature

Step 3 of Research Process

formulation of the research question or hypothesis

step 4 of research process

Designing the study

Step 5 of Research Process

Implementation of the study

Step 6 of the research process

Drawing conclusions based on findings

step 7 of research process

Discussion and/or clinical implications

step 8 of research process

dissemination of findings

Research to Theory and Practice

Research develops solutions that can be used with confidence in different situations

Nursing research generates interest in further studies

Clinical studies have made a difference in patient care

Nursing research findings affect the health care system

Nursing research enhances the status of nursing as a profession.

Examples of application of research to practice

1. Improved care of patients with skin breakdown from pressure ulcers

2. Decreasing light and noise in critical care units to prevent sleep deprivation

3. Using caps on newborns to decrease heat loss and stabilize body temperature

4. Positioning patients after chest surgery to facilitate respiration

5. Scheduling pain medication more frequently after surgery

6. Preoperative teaching to facilitate postoperative recovery

Organizations that provide financial support for nursing research

--National Institute of Nursing Research

--National Institutes of Health

--Nursing associations like:

---American Nurses Foundation

---Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing

Advancing the Profession Through the Use of Research

BSN-prepared nurse

--Read, interpret, and evaluate research for use in supporting their evidence-based nursing practice

--Identify nursing problems that need to be investigated

--Participate in the implementation of scientific studies

--Help disseminate research-based knowledge by sharing useful research findings with colleagues

Advancing the Profession Through the Use of Research

Master's degree-prepared nurse

--Ready to replicate studies that have been previously conducted

--Some nurses are better prepared to conduct research.

Advancing the Profession Through the Use of Research

-Doctor of philosophy or other doctoral decrees nurse

-More favorably positioned to receive research funding than are nurses without doctorates

-Only nurses with PhDs may receive funding from the NIH, although other funding sources are open to nurses with other doctoral degrees.