The Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture – 50 Vocabulary Flashcards

Fifty vocabulary flashcards drawn from the lecture notes on the beginnings of Filipino society and culture, focusing on geology, fossil evidence, and prehistoric tool traditions.

Archeozoic

The earliest eon in Earth history when primitive life first appeared, roughly 1.5 billion years ago.

Protozoic

Eon following Archeozoic; era with early, simple life forms.

Paleozoic

Era (about 505–205 million years ago) when fish and amphibians first became common.

Mesozoic

Era (about 205–75 million years ago) known as the Age of Reptiles.

Cenozoic

Era beginning about 75 million years ago; age of mammals, includes Tertiary and Quaternary.

Tertiary

Subdivision of the Cenozoic marked by major land changes and mammal dominance.

Quaternary

Subdivision of the Cenozoic including the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs.

Eocene

Early part of the Tertiary, dating roughly 60 million years ago.

Miocene

Part of the Tertiary; ended around 12 million years ago in this text’s view.

Pliocene

Late part of the Tertiary, beginning about 12 million years ago.

Pleistocene

The Ice Age; era with glaciations and the appearance of modern humans.

Holocene

Current epoch following the Pleistocene, with stable climate and modern civilizations.

Ice Age

Period of broad glaciation during the Pleistocene with advancing and retreating ice.

Land uplift

Geological process of rising land due to tectonic activity, shaping continents.

Tethys Sea

Ancient sea that once separated lands in the region; later receded.

Sunda Shelf

Continental shelf that formed land bridges during glacial periods in Southeast Asia.

Interglacial

Warmer interval between cold glacial periods.

Glaciation

Process of glacier growth and expansion during cold periods.

Tabon Cave

Palawan site with early stone tool industries and fossils.

Tabon skull

Fragmentary skull from Tabon Cave; Palawan man, ~22,000 years old.

Palawan

Island in the Philippines hosting Tabon Caves and Palawan fossils.

Palawan man

Term for the Homo-like remains from Tabon Cave (Tabon skull).

Java man

Pithecanthropus erectus; early human fossil from Java, Middle–Lower Pleistocene.

Peking man

Pithecanthropus pekinensis; close relative to Java man with advanced skull features.

Solo man

Fossils from Ngandong/near the Solo River showing advanced form of early man.

Wadjak man

Advanced hominid remains from Wadjak, Java, with larger brain size.

Ngandong man

Advanced Homo erectus remains from Ngandong, Java.

Niah man

Advanced hominid remains from Niah Cave, Sarawak (Borneo), ~40,000 years old.

Zinjanthropus boisei

Australopithecine with a ~600 cc brain, discovered by Leakey in East Africa.

Australopithecine

Early man-like hominins; bipeds with some modern traits.

Australopithecus

Genus of early hominins (the 'southern ape'), key in human evolution.

Homo sapiens

Modern humans; the species to which all living humans belong.

Hominidae

Family including humans and great apes; the broader human lineage.

Monotremes

Egg-laying mammals, such as platypus and echidnas.

Marsupials

Mammals bearing a pouch for development (e.g., kangaroos).

Eutherian

Placental mammals, whose young develop inside the uterus with a placenta.

Primate Order

Order that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.

Chou Kou Tien

Site in China with early Paleolithic tools, linked to Peking man.

Soanian

Lower Paleolithic tool culture in India; crude chopper-type tools.

Anyathian

Lower Paleolithic culture in Burma with simple core tools.

Patjitanian

Lower Paleolithic culture in Java with large choppers and cores.

Hoabinhian

Late Pleistocene Southeast Asian tool complex emphasizing percussion flaking.

Bacsonian

Early New Stone Age tool complex from the Bac Son Massif (Indochina).

Oldowan

Earliest stone-tool industry: simple pebbles and cores.

Abbevillian

Lower Paleolithic hand-axe technology in Europe/Africa.

Acheulian

Paleolithic hand-axe tool tradition with bifacial flaking.

Mousterian

Middle Paleolithic tool industry with prepared-core flakes.

Chatelperronian

Upper Paleolithic transitional industry blending Mousterian traits.

Aurignacian

Upper Paleolithic blade-tool industry; early modern human technology.

Gravettian

Upper Paleolithic culture known for blade tools and points.

Solutrian

Upper Paleolithic blade industry; another European tradition.

Magdalenian

Upper Paleolithic culture with sophisticated tool industries.

Chou Kou Tien

Site near Peking with early tool assemblages; associated with Peking man.

Levalloisian

A flake-tool technology in Europe; highly prepared cores.

Hoabinhian

Late Pleistocene Southeast Asian tool complex; percussion flaking.

Baton/Basconian

Early Neolithic tool types from Indo-China with ground blades.

New Stone Age

General term for the period characterized by polished tools and farming.

Early New Stone Age

Initial phase of the New Stone Age with rough/ground tools.

Middle New Stone Age

Phase with advanced adzes and riverine/coastal settlements.

Late New Stone Age

Late phase marked by polished stone tools and jade/nephrite usage.

Bato Caves

Philippine site revealing pottery and jar-burial traditions (Sorsogon).

Cagraray

Site with stone tool-jar burial complex in Albay, Philippines.

Bascon/ Bacsonian

Early Neolithic tool types from Indochina; Bascon Massif region.