Coccidia - Protozoans II

Coccidia are ______cellular protozoans

Intra

What type of reproduction does coccidia have?

Sexual and asexual

What are the types of life cycles of coccidia?

Direct and indirect (definitive and intermediate host)

What type of reproduction occurs in the definitive host of coccidia?

Sexual and asexual repro

What type of reproduction occurs in the intermediate host of coccidia?

Only asexual repro

What form of coccidia is found shed in the feces?

Unsporulated oocysts

What form of coccidia is found in the environment?

Sporulated oocyst (INFECTIVE)

What is the life cycle of Eimeria (coccidia)

Ingestion of sporulated oocyst from the environment —> multiple repro cycles (asexual and sexual) in intestine —> shed oocysts in feces that will sporulate in environment

Eimeria spp are parasites of ...

GI tract - mainly intestines

What is the diagnosis for finding Eimeria in the fecal floatation of a dog/cat?

Spurious/contamination!

When is disease of eimeria seen in cattle?

Young animals, stressed animals, diet changes, contaminant diseases, unsanitary condition

What are the clinical signs of Eimeria in cattle?

Enteritis, diarrhea, anorexia, decreased weight gain, and $ loss

What are the clinical signs of an acute infection of Eimeria?

Animals <1 yr

Diarrhea +/- blood

Anorexia and fever

What is the pathogenesis of Eimeria in cattle?

Destruction of intestinal mucosa through the asexual repro that rupture and invade new cells.

Shortening of villi —> loss of SA

Malabsorption, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss

Diagnosis of eimeria in cattle?

HX - age/stress/changes

CS - diarrhea, weight loss

Detection of oocysts in feces

Quantitative/qualitative fecal tests

What is the time period of the life cycle of eimeria?

14-21 days

When would you expect disease of eimeria in cattle to start showing symptoms?

Before the oocysts are even excreted (before the infection is patent)

______________ tests more commonly used for production animals. Why?

Quantitative

Want to know the presence AND the level of the infection

What is prevention/TX of eimeria in cattle?

Quarantine

Coccidiostats

Management of sanitation/limit potential infection through ingestion of sporulated oocysts

Sheep and goat eimeria do not share ______

species

What is the MOST important parasite in the commercial poultry industry?

Eimeria

Eimeria in horses is often not...

clinical

How does eimeria appear in horses/camelids?

Large brown oocysts

Cryptosporidium is an intestinal ___________ parasite

coccidian

Cryptosporidium is a major problem in what industry?

Dairy

What is the life cycle length of cryptosporidium?

3-12 days

The oocysts of cryptosporidium sporulate within the host and therefore are...

readily infective when passed, autoinfection can occur

Cryptosporidium is ______cellular, but _______cytoplasmic

Intracellular

Extracytoplasmic

What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidium?

Yellow/white putty like feces

Watery/explosive diarrhea

Dehydration

What is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium?

Villus atrophy, ^ intestinal permeability, malabsorption

How do you DX cryptosporidium?

CS and HX

Detection of oocysts in floats

Stained smear

indirect FA

PCR

Is crypto zoonotic?

Yes, some species

What is the spp of coccidia found in the small intestine of dogs/cats?

Cystoisospora

What is the type of life cycle of Cystoisospora?

Direct (single host)

Cystoisospora may use _________ hosts

Paratenic

What are paratenic hosts?

where parasite continues to live and is infective to next host but no development takes place in this host. Can be seen as the prey-predator cycle

What is the length of the cycle of cystoisospora?

4d - 2weeks

Dogs and cats have __________ species of cystoisospora

Different

Cystoisospora is more common in ________ animals

young, from breeders/shelters/stray

What are the CS of cystoisospora?

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss

Dogs can have _________ cystoisospora infections and shed oocysts __________

Subclinical

Asymptomatically

What is the pathogenesis of cystoisospora?

Developmental stages (asexual/sexual) stages reside in enterocytes or cells within lamina propria of the villus

Maturation/emergence destroys the cells

Damage to mucosa/malabsorption/diarrhea

How do you DX cystoisospora?

Fecal float

Detection of oocyts (shed unsporulated, but sporulate fast)

There are _______ differences between species of cystoisospora, but the TX is the same

Size

What are the methods of Control/prevention of cystoisospora?

Improve sanitation

Prevent predation of paratenic hosts

Is Cystoisospora zoonotic?

NO

Sarcocystis has an obligate ________ life cycle

indirect

What is the definitive host of sarcocystis?

Carnivores - GI tract

What is the intermediate host of sarcocystis?

Herbivores - muscles

Sarcocystis relies on ...

The prey predator cycle

In the DH, sarcocystis sporocytes is shed ....

in the feces

The IH of sarcocystis gets infected by...

ingesting sporocysts

What does sarcocystis form in IH?

Tissue cysts in the muscles

DH of sarcocystis get infected by ...

ingesting tissue cysts

How do you DX sarcocystis in the DH?

Fecal floats

How do you DX sarcocystis in the IH?

Necropsy, meat inspection (discarded), histo, PCR

What are the CS of sarcocystis in IH?

Anorexia, fever, anemia, lethargy

is Sarcocystis in fowl zoonotic?

No

What pathogen causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis?

Sarcocystis neurona

What are the CS of sarcocystic neurona?

Affects CNS system of horses causing neuro signs

What is the DH of sarcocystic neurona?

Virigina opossum

What are the common GI coccidia of carnivores?

Toxoplasma - FELIDS are DH

neospora - CANIDS are DH

What type of life cycle does toxoplasma/neospora have?

Indirect

What is the common IH of Toxoplasma?

Rodents

What is the common IH of neospora?

Cattle

The DH of toxoplasma is ______

Cats and they are asymptomatic commonly

What are the affects of toxoplasmosis in sheep/humans?

Abortion/still birth

Neuro/ocular defects

Tissue cysts from toxoplasmosis and neospora are found in both...

the DH and the IH

Neopspora caninum has oocysts that are passed by...

Canids (its DH)

What is the most important IH for neospora caninum?

Cattle

Neospora can be ________ transmitted in dogs and cattle

vertically

What are the consequences of a neospora infection in dogs?

Neurological disease

What are the consequences of a neospora infection in cattle?

Late abortion or neuro disease in non aborted calves