soluble electron carries & favorable rxns

what is ΔG: Gibb’s energy change?

a measure of the amount of energy input required to make a reaction occur (favorable).

+ ΔG:

how much energy must be input

what type of reaction is + ΔG?

unfavorable reaction

why is + ΔG an unfavorable rxn?

it won’t happen unless you put in that energy

what are two characteristics of + ΔG?

nonspontaneous & endergonic

what is endergonic?

have to put an input of energy

– ΔG:

energy is released

what type of reaction is – ΔG?

favorable reaction

what are 2 characteristics of – ΔG?

spontaneous & exergonic rxn

exergonic:

energy is released

how is a reaction more favorable?

the more negative the more favorable

how is a reaction less favorable?

the closer to 0 or less positive, the less favorable

how many electrons can soluble electron carriers carry?

either zero or two electrons

what do soluble electron carriers do?

carry electrons from one location to another within the cell

“shuttle electrons”

what are the three most common soluble electron carriers?

1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

2. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

3. flavoadenine dinucleotide

what else do soluble electron carriers need to pick up?

if it picks up electrons it needs to pick up protons to balance out the charge because if it is charged it will not move well.

what is oxidation?

loss of electrons, molecule that is not holding electrons

what is reduction?

gain of electrons, molecule that is holding electrons

which side of a rxn is oxidized?

the left side bc there are no electrons attatched

which side of a rxn is reduced?

the right side bc it picks up 2 electrons

if you take off electrons, you must put them somewhere else, oxidation and redution are always paired together creating a:

redox reaction

redox reaction:

one material is oxidized, and one material is reduced

what happens in a redox reaction?

2 electrons are removed, another material is reduced, and the 2 electrons are added to another molecule.

coenzyme or cofactors:

a material required for an enzyme to carry out its normal function

what is a characteristic of coenzymes and cofactors?

they are not changed in the reaction

what are coenzymes and cofactors also known as?

activators

Coenzyme A:

most common in aerobic respiration

Holoenzyme:

a complete functional enzyme w/ all components added

what does a holoenzyme include?

enzyme, cofactors/coenzyme, and substrate