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Bede
The Story of Caedmon
The Wanderer
unknown
the dream of the road
unknown
What is the Dream of the Road about
A religious poem about a man who has a dream about a tree that represents the cross. The tree starts explaining how he feels when they cut him down and place Jesus upon him. The tree tells about how Jesus climbed up on the cross even when he did not want to to release mankind. It tells how Jesus will come back a second time and how everyone will succeed if they seek the cross.
What is the Wanderer about?
When the sailor is older and finds everyone he loved dead when he comes home— he becomes a lost wanderer
What is the Story of Caedmon about?
a cowherd who was given the extraordinary gift of song and verse
who are the two tribes in beowulf?
the danes and the geats
Who questions Beowulf’s ability in battle?
Unferth
Who is Grendel?
Cain’s descendant
The Canterbury Tales
Geoffery Chaucr
What is the general prologue about?
Renewal (April, spring)
How is the Squire characterized?
lover not fighter
How many tales did Chaucer intend to write vs how many he wrote
120 and 22
who are the danes
Shield => Beow => Halfdane => Hrothgar (married to Wealhtheow, ruler of Heorot)
who are the geats
Herschel => Hygelac (married to Hygd) and a daughter (married to Ecgtheow, Beowulf's father)
who questions Beowulf ability in battle?
Unferth
How is the Prioress characterized?
Into courtly manners yet from church order
How is the monk characterized?
Into hunting and wealthy but supposed to be clustered
How is the Wife of Bath described?
Gap teeth (=lusty), ostentatious, into younger men, in a violent relationship with her 5th husband Jankins
How is Utopia structured?
Part 1: focus on England and a dismal picture of the present
Part 2: utopia
How does More explore the natural and the unnatural?
Peninsula turned into an island so not 100% natural
Who are the main characters in Utopia?
Raphael Hythloday: idealist
Thomas More: pragmatist
What does More say in the Letter to Peter Giles?
Wants to remain faithful to the truth
What does More say in Their Occupations?
Collective occupations: agriculture but individual particular trade too
Focus on recreational and educational practices
What does More say in Social Relations?
Families of 10 to 16 and extra ppl sent to colonies Patriarchal model
Traditional customs (elders, respect...)
What does More say in Their attitude to gold and silver?
No money to trade
Gold and silver used to make chamber pots and chains for slaves
What does More say in Their Philosophy?
Emphasis on education not wealth
Focus on happiness, good, study of pleasure and virtue
What does More say in Their Delight in learning?
Interest in Greek philosophy and arts
What does More say in Slaves?
PoWs
Bought from other countries
Volunteers
What does More say in Suicide and euthanasia?
Euthanasia encourage in case of incurable illness
Suicide is frowned upon
What does More say in Marriage and divorce?
Premarital sex is forbidden
Divorce only if adultery/offensive behavior
Only consensual separation
Adultery once = slavery, twice = death
What does More say in Customs and laws?
Case by case basis
Gravest crime punished by slavery
What does More say in The Religions of the Utopians?
Dominant Christianism and deism
No conflict
Belief in happy afterlife
Who are the main figures of humanism and the Renaissance?
Castiglione
Pico della Mirandola
Petrarch
What did Petrarch create?
The Petrarchan sonnet which focuses on unrequited love through conceits
What does Wyatt say in "The Long Love" / Petrarch in "Rima 140" / Henry Howard Early of Surrey in "Love, that doth reign"?
Unrequited love and ready to die for it
What does Wyatt say in "Whoso List to Hunt" / Petrarch in "Rima 190"?
Woman as the deer and speaker tries to pursue her
What does Wyatt say in "I find no peace" / Petrarch in "Rima 134"?
Speaker is suffering from unrequited love
What does Wyatt say in "My Galley" / Petrarch in "Rima 189"?
Speaker is like a ship braving a tempest as a metaphor for love
What does Wyatt say in "They flee from me"?
The speaker laments the fact that he has fallen from favor—the women who used to "seek" him in his "chamber" now seem to "flee" from him.
What does Wyatt say in "Mine Own John Poins"?
Note of dissatisfaction with courtly life, which is presented as the reversal of all real-live values
What does Henry Howard Earl of Surrey say in "The soote season" / Petrarch in "Rima 310"?
Coming of summer and the various ways in which a world previously in a sort of stasis or hibernation is now springing into life (love)
What does Henry Howard Earl of Surrey say in "Wyatt Resteth Here"?
Eulogy of Wyatt's virtues, not only as a poet but also as a courtier and a virtuous man
Who translated Castiglione's Book of the Courtier?
Sir Thomas Hoby
What does Castiglione say in the Book of the Courtier?
Explains what the perfect courtier is
What does Sidney say in Astrophil and Stella in "Sonnet 1"?
Explains his motivation for writing sonnets (getting lady to love him back)
What does Sidney say in Astrophil and Stella in "Sonnet 6"?
Describes why he is unable to copy other poets
What does Sidney say in Astrophil and Stella in "Sonnet 15"?
Explains that poets just need original inspiration to write and not based on myths, metaphors...
What does Sidney say in Astrophil and Stella in "Sonnet 71"?
Expresses praise and desire for Stella but also regrets his position
What does Spenser say in Amoretti in "Sonnet 65"?
About the fear the beloved expressed about losing her liberty in marriage but reassured that she gains a certain freedom
What does Spenser say in Amoretti in "Sonnet 67"?
Imitation of "Whoso List to Hunt" (Wyatt/Petrarch) but doe enters into submission voluntarily
What does Spenser say in Amoretti in "Sonnet 68"?
Religious poem inspired by Easter day and addressing Jesus directly which ends which praise of lady
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 1"?
The poet reminds the young man that time and death will destroy even the fairest of living things. Only if they reproduce themselves will their beauty survive. The young man's refusal to beget a child is therefore self-destructive and wasteful.
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 19"?
The sonnet addresses time directly, as it allows time its great power to destroy all things in nature, but the poem forbids time to erode the young man's fair appearance. Poetry is portrayed as an act of redemption against the decay of time.
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 55"?
the subject's beauty will outlive all monuments of princes and will live even after the destruction time will bring to the world in the form of war and death
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 129"?
physical and psychological devastation of lust
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 130"?
inverted love poem because it implies that the woman is very beautiful indeed, but suggests that it is important for this poet to view the woman he loves realistically
What does Shakespeare say in "Sonnet 138"?
complicated and difficult love affair as the speaker focuses on the dynamics of this love affair: the way that he lies to his mistress about his age; the way she lies to him about whether she cheats on him or not; and the way that both know the other is lying.
What does Lady Mary Wroth say in from Pamphilia to Amphilanthus in "Sonnet 1"?
The poet feeling the most passionate when she is asleep, and how while she is sleeping, the feelings in her heart communicate louder than those of her mind.
What does John Donne say in Holy Sonnets in "Sonnet 5"?
The speaker tries to imagine how his corrupted world can be redeemed. He decides that the only way for his world to be redeemed is through destruction.
What does John Donne say in Holy Sonnets in "Sonnet 14"?
Speaker's personal crisis of faith. The speaker thinks his soul is captured by the devil. But he wishes to come back to the religious path. So, he asks God to slam into his heart and take hold of it
Who wrote the Defense of Poetry?
Phillip Sidney
What are Sidney's arguments?
Sydney argues that poetry is much more than that. It does not merely imitate the real world, but also shapes it
Defending the fictional realm that poetry creates, Sydney says that the world created by poetry is the epitome of all histories, mythologies, and philosophies.
poetry offers a range of views and choices; it gives individuals a sense of freedom. Poetry is designed to express emotions and feelings—which can never be false
Poetry = moral dimension
Who wrote the October Eclogue?
Edmund Spenser
What does Spenser say in the October Eclogue?
Return to pastoral register
Desire for simplicity ≠ complicated court
Thinks of place of poet in materialistic society
What did Christopher Marlowe write?
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
What did Marlowe say in "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"?
A shepherd asking his beloved to come live with him, either as his wife or lover
What did Sir Walter Raleigh write?
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
What did Raleigh say in The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd?
Filled with pastoral images that contain a negative response to the shepherd's plea
Throughout this poem, the nymph describes how time, pleasure, and all possessions, are fleeting. These joys won't last forever, nor will impetuous choices and sweet words.
Who wrote the Faerie Queene?
Edmund Spenser
What characters in the Faerie Queene are seen as an homage to Queen Elizabeth?
Gloriana
Belphoebe
Britomart (chastity)
What does Spenser say in "A Letter of the Authors"?
Book grounded in traditions
Use of allegory to have fun teaching
Chaste love
What is a Petrarchan sonnet?
One-sided and unrequited and impossible love
14 lines (octave+sestet)
No rhyming couplets
ABBA ABBA CDC DCD/CDE CDE
Volta in final lines
Miliatry or hunting or treasure conceits
Paradoxes
Mention of fame and gold
When was the Anglo-Saxon conquest?
450 AD
What were the consequences of Christianization?
More books as churchmen were writers (ex: Bede)
Anglo-Saxon invaders brought tradition of oral poetry
What were the consequences of the Norman conquest?
Changes in language and culture (more French because French ruling class)
Romance chivalry created by Chrétien de Troyes
When was the Battle of Hastings (=Norman conquest)?
1066
What is romance chivalry?
Knightly adventures as a means of exploring psychological and ethical dilemmas that the knights must solves in addition to displaying martial prowess in saving ladies from monsters, giants, and wicked knight
What happened in the 14th century?
English gains traction in literature
Some religious prose aimed at regulating women's behavior
Main dates in late 15th and 16th century?
1485: Henri VII inaugurates the Tudor dynasty
1509: Henri VIII
1517: Martin Luther & beginning of Reformation
1558: Elizabeth I
1603: James I
What is the Shakespearian sonnet?
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet
Main dates in the 17th century?
1603: Death of Elizabeth I, ascension of James I (formerly, James VI of Scotland)
1605: Gunpowder plot
1607: 1st English colony in Jamestown, Virginia
No specific literary period: ongoing Protestant reformation, expansion of literacy thanks to printing press, rise of manufacturing and trade sectors, establishment of colonial power
No specific authors: most mid-careers
How did literature evolve in the 17th century?
New norm = short, concentrated and witty poems, love elegy, satire, epigrams, religious-lyric poem...
More women as central characters in novels + women emancipation (Quakers = women preachers)
When and what was the Caroline Era?
1625-1640
Conjuction of chivalric virtue and divine beauty/love symbolized by royal couple
When and what was the Revolutionary Era?
1640-1660
1649: Charles executed
Questioning legitimacy of political power, religious tensions, refusing absolutism but also dislike of the Parliament
Rebellions in Ireland and Scotland
Women in Beowulf
Modthryth = evil queen, violence, cruel
Wealtheow = hostess, peaceful
Hildeburh = peace weaver (unsuccessful)
Grendel's mother = half human, vengeance
Mary II + William of Orange
1689-1702
George I
1714-1727
English civil war
1642-1649
Glorious Revolution
1688
House of Tudor
1485-1603
Henri VII
Henri VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Henri VII
1485-1509
Henri VIII
1509-1547
Edward VI
1547-1553
Mary I
1553-1558
Elizabeth I
1558-1603
Elizabethan era
House of Stuart
1603-1714 (Cromwell interruption)
James I
Charles I
Charles II
James II
Mary II
Mary II + William of Orange
Anne I
James I
1603-1625
Charles I
1625-1642
Caroline era
Cromwell era
1642-1959
Revolutionary era
Note 
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