8.1-8.4 Spider Quiz

League of Nations

International organization created after WWI to promote peace and cooperation.

Allied Reparations Commission

Allied body that determined how much Germany had to pay after WWI.

Ruhr Valley

Germany’s industrial region occupied by France and Belgium in 1923 when Germany stopped reparations payments.

Dawes Plan

1924 plan that reorganized German reparations and provided U.S. loans to stabilize Germany’s economy.

Treaty of Locarno

1925 agreements in which Germany accepted its western borders and promised peaceful relations.

Great Depression

Worldwide economic crisis beginning in 1929 that caused unemployment and political instability.

Fascism

Authoritarian political ideology emphasizing nationalism, dictatorship, and suppression of opposition.

General Strike (1926)

Major British labor strike supporting coal miners protesting wage cuts and longer hours.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist who argued governments should spend more during economic crises to stimulate demand.

National Bloc Government

Conservative coalition that governed France after WWI.

Cartel of the Left

Coalition of French radical and socialist parties elected in 1924.

Popular Front

Alliance of left-wing parties formed in the 1930s to oppose fascism.

New Deal

Programs introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Founder of modern Turkey who introduced secular reforms and modernization.

Mahatma Gandhi

Led Indian resistance to British rule through nonviolent protest.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Leader in the Indian independence movement and later first prime minister of India.

Totalitarian State

Government that attempts to control all aspects of society and individuals’ lives.

Trieste, Fiume, Dalmatia

Territories Italy expected after WWI but did not fully receive.

Avanti!

Italian socialist newspaper once edited by Benito Mussolini.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy who came to power in 1922.

Squadristi

Fascist paramilitary groups that used violence against socialists and opponents.

Acerbo Law

1923 law giving the largest party two-thirds of seats in parliament, helping Mussolini gain power.

OVRA

Fascist secret police that suppressed opposition in Italy.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany and dictator from 1933–1945.

Weimar Germany

Democratic German government from 1919 to 1933.

Paul von Hindenburg

German president who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933.

Mein Kampf

Hitler’s book explaining Nazi ideology and goals.

Lebensraum

Nazi belief that Germany needed more 'living space,' especially in Eastern Europe.

German Workers’ Party

Early nationalist party Hitler joined that became the Nazi Party.

Nazis

Members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.

Beer Hall Putsch

Failed Nazi coup attempt in Munich in 1923.

Enabling Act

1933 law allowing Hitler to rule without parliament.

Ernst Röhm

Leader of the SA executed during the Night of the Long Knives.

Heinrich Himmler

Head of the SS and major organizer of Nazi repression.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws that removed citizenship and rights from Jews.

Kristallnacht

1938 Nazi attacks destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues.

War Communism

Economic policy during the Russian Civil War involving state control of industry and forced grain collection.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin’s policy allowing limited private trade to revive the economy.

Leon Trotsky

Bolshevik leader and founder of the Red Army.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator who industrialized the USSR and ruled through terror.

Politburo

Top policy-making committee of the Communist Party.

Five-Year Plan

Stalin’s program for rapid industrialization and economic growth.

Purges

Stalin’s campaigns eliminating perceived political enemies.

Francisco Franco

Nationalist leader who ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War.

António de Oliveira Salazar

Authoritarian leader of Portugal who created the Estado Novo regime.

BBC

Major British radio broadcasting organization that shaped mass culture.

The Birth of a Nation

Influential early film known for new cinematic techniques and racist themes.

The Triumph of the Will

Nazi propaganda film glorifying Hitler and the Nazi Party.

1936 Summer Olympics

Olympic Games used by Nazis to promote Germany’s power.

Kraft durch Freude

Nazi program providing controlled leisure activities for workers.

The Decline of the West

Book arguing Western civilization was declining.

Margaret Sanger

Advocate for birth control and women’s reproductive rights.

Dada

Artistic movement rejecting traditional logic and culture after WWI.

Hannah Höch

Dada artist known for photomontage works.

Surrealism

Art movement exploring dreams and the unconscious.

Salvador Dalí

Surrealist painter famous for dreamlike imagery.

Functionalism

Architectural style emphasizing practicality and simplicity.

James Joyce

Modernist writer known for stream-of-consciousness techniques.

Virginia Woolf

Modernist author exploring characters’ inner thoughts.

Hermann Hesse

Writer focused on personal identity and spirituality.

Carl Jung

Psychologist who developed ideas about the collective unconscious.

Werner Heisenberg

Scientist who created the uncertainty principle in quantum physics.

Sudetenland

German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany in 1938.

Geneva Disarmament Conference

International meeting (1932–1934) attempting to reduce military forces.

Munich Conference

1938 meeting allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Appeasement

Policy of giving concessions to aggressive nations to avoid war.

Neville Chamberlain

British leader associated with appeasement at Munich.

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR promising not to attack each other and secretly dividing Poland.

Chiang Kai‑shek

Leader of Nationalist China who fought against Japanese expansion.