8.1-8.4 Spider Quiz
Politics, Economy, and Governments
League of Nations – International organization created after WWI to promote peace and cooperation.
Allied Reparations Commission – Allied body that determined how much Germany had to pay after WWI.
Ruhr Valley – Germany’s industrial region occupied by France and Belgium in 1923 when Germany stopped reparations payments.
Dawes Plan – 1924 plan that reorganized German reparations and provided U.S. loans to stabilize Germany’s economy.
Treaty of Locarno – 1925 agreements in which Germany accepted its western borders and promised peaceful relations.
Great Depression – Worldwide economic crisis beginning in 1929 that caused unemployment and political instability.
Fascism – Authoritarian political ideology emphasizing nationalism, dictatorship, and suppression of opposition.
General Strike (1926) – Major British labor strike supporting coal miners protesting wage cuts and longer hours.
John Maynard Keynes – Economist who argued governments should spend more during economic crises to stimulate demand.
National Bloc Government – Conservative coalition that governed France after WWI.
Cartel of the Left – Coalition of French radical and socialist parties elected in 1924.
Popular Front – Alliance of left-wing parties formed in the 1930s to oppose fascism.
New Deal – Programs introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Founder of modern Turkey who introduced secular reforms and modernization.
Mahatma Gandhi – Led Indian resistance to British rule through nonviolent protest.
Jawaharlal Nehru – Leader in the Indian independence movement and later first prime minister of India.
Totalitarian State – Government that attempts to control all aspects of society and individuals’ lives.
Italy and Fascism
Trieste, Fiume, Dalmatia – Territories Italy expected after WWI but did not fully receive.
Avanti! – Italian socialist newspaper once edited by Benito Mussolini.
Benito Mussolini – Fascist dictator of Italy who came to power in 1922.
Squadristi – Fascist paramilitary groups that used violence against socialists and opponents.
Acerbo Law – 1923 law giving the largest party two-thirds of seats in parliament, helping Mussolini gain power.
OVRA – Fascist secret police that suppressed opposition in Italy.
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler – Leader of Nazi Germany and dictator from 1933–1945.
Weimar Germany – Democratic German government from 1919 to 1933.
Paul von Hindenburg – German president who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933.
Mein Kampf – Hitler’s book explaining Nazi ideology and goals.
Lebensraum – Nazi belief that Germany needed more “living space,” especially in Eastern Europe.
German Workers’ Party – Early nationalist party Hitler joined that became the Nazi Party.
Nazis – Members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
Beer Hall Putsch – Failed Nazi coup attempt in Munich in 1923.
Enabling Act – 1933 law allowing Hitler to rule without parliament.
Ernst Röhm – Leader of the SA executed during the Night of the Long Knives.
Heinrich Himmler – Head of the SS and major organizer of Nazi repression.
Nuremberg Laws – 1935 laws that removed citizenship and rights from Jews.
Kristallnacht – 1938 Nazi attacks destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues.
Soviet Union
War Communism – Economic policy during the Russian Civil War involving state control of industry and forced grain collection.
New Economic Policy (NEP) – Lenin’s policy allowing limited private trade to revive the economy.
Leon Trotsky – Bolshevik leader and founder of the Red Army.
Joseph Stalin – Soviet dictator who industrialized the USSR and ruled through terror.
Politburo – Top policy-making committee of the Communist Party.
Five-Year Plan – Stalin’s program for rapid industrialization and economic growth.
Purges – Stalin’s campaigns eliminating perceived political enemies.
Other Authoritarian Leaders
Francisco Franco – Nationalist leader who ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War.
António de Oliveira Salazar – Authoritarian leader of Portugal who created the Estado Novo regime.
Mass Culture and Intellectual Life
BBC – Major British radio broadcasting organization that shaped mass culture.
The Birth of a Nation – Influential early film known for new cinematic techniques and racist themes.
The Triumph of the Will – Nazi propaganda film glorifying Hitler and the Nazi Party.
1936 Summer Olympics – Olympic Games used by Nazis to promote Germany’s power.
Kraft durch Freude – Nazi program providing controlled leisure activities for workers.
The Decline of the West – Book arguing Western civilization was declining.
Margaret Sanger – Advocate for birth control and women’s reproductive rights.
Dada – Artistic movement rejecting traditional logic and culture after WWI.
Hannah Höch – Dada artist known for photomontage works.
Surrealism – Art movement exploring dreams and the unconscious.
Salvador Dalí – Surrealist painter famous for dreamlike imagery.
Functionalism – Architectural style emphasizing practicality and simplicity.
James Joyce – Modernist writer known for stream-of-consciousness techniques.
Virginia Woolf – Modernist author exploring characters’ inner thoughts.
Hermann Hesse – Writer focused on personal identity and spirituality.
Carl Jung – Psychologist who developed ideas about the collective unconscious.
Werner Heisenberg – Scientist who created the uncertainty principle in quantum physics.
Road to WWII
Sudetenland – German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany in 1938.
Geneva Disarmament Conference – International meeting (1932–1934) attempting to reduce military forces.
Munich Conference – 1938 meeting allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
Appeasement – Policy of giving concessions to aggressive nations to avoid war.
Neville Chamberlain – British leader associated with appeasement at Munich.
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact – 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR promising not to attack each other and secretly dividing Poland.
Chiang Kai‑shek – Leader of Nationalist China who fought against Japanese expansion.