Psychology Exam Master Knowt!!!!

descriptive research

focus observe, describe, record behavior

survey

interview

case study

naturalistic observation

psychological tests

correlational research

how things are related

positive correlation- two things going same way

negative correlation- two things go opposite directions

experimental research

have a hypothesis, a constant variable, and then manipulate other variables to see the impact

random assign

double blinded

independent variable

factor being manipulated or whose affect is being studied

dependent variable

outcome factor. changes in response to independent variable

control group

group not exposed to treatment etc

experimental

group exposed to treatment etc

seratonin

dopamine

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers between neurons thru the synaptic gap

short term

hormones

chemical messangers that regulate organ function

travel thru the blood

work long term

parietal lobe

temperature, pain

which way up or down

sense of spatial awareness

occipital lobe

process info from sight

see color, shape, size

temporal lobe

process/recognize sound

understand/produce speech

injury= hearing loss or face blindness (prosapagnosia)

some memory functions

frontal lobe

impulse/manners

memory

attention

plan/organize

decide plan complex thought

motor cortex

voluntary movement

sensory cortex

sensory input

parasympathetic nervous system

calming and regulating part

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight response

freud theory dreams

dreams are repressed desires conflicts/subconcious

manifest content

plot line of the dream

latent content

symbolic meaning of the dream

identical twins

100% shared dna

one egg splits into two

monozyogotic

fraternal twins

50% shared dna

dizygotic two eggs two sperms

inherited traits

OCEAN

openness

concientiousness

extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

sensation

process where sensory receptors nervous system receive stimulus

perception

organizing and interpreting sensory information, recognize meaningful objects + events

bottom-up processing

analysis starting with sensory receptors and works up brain’s integration of sensory info

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processing when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

young-helmholtz theory

retina only contains 3 color receptors

red

green

blue

afterimage/opponent-process theory

opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

some cells stimulated by green, others inhibited by red

tire ur eyes looking at one color, look away at white, the eye percieves it’s opposite

gestalt theory

we tend to percieve things as an organized whole

proximity

we group nearby figures

similarity

we group similar figures

continuity

we perceive smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous

connectedness

uniform and linked consider as a set

closure

we fill gaps to create a whole object

UCS unconditioned stimulus

naturally and automatically triggers a response

UCR unconditioned response

naturally and unconditioned response to stimulus

CS

previously neutral stimulus that after associating with US triggers a conditioned response

CR

conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus

extinction

diminishing of a conditioned response when US doesn’t follow the CS

spontaneous recovery

response to stimulus after a long time without it

discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that don’t signal an UCS

shaping

in operant conditioning procedure were reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to approximations of the desired behavior

generalization

once a response has been conditioned, tendency for similar stimuli to cause response

fixed interval

same time before something is reinforced

leave school at 2:00 every day

get paid every two weeks

fixed ratio

always know how much til reinforcement

fill 5 pints of bloobs to get paid

variable interval

never know how long until ur reinforced

variable ratio

never know how much you have to do to get reinforced

foot-in-thedoor phenomenon

agree to something small, but then able to progressively more demanding requests

cognitive dissonance theory

anxiety or discomfort when your actions don’t mirror your beliefs. you change your attitude rather than action to resolve this dissonance because its easier

social facilitation

improve performance in presence of others on simple tasks or ones you know well.

perform worse when in presence of others and you don’t know the skill

social loafing

when people in a group exert less effort than when working alone

deindividuation

loss of self awareness and restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

when discussing a topic that everyone agrees on, the group forms even stronger opinions

groupthink

when desire for harmony in a group prevents some from sharing their opinions, because of this disastrous results can occur

just-world phenomenon

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup bias

tendency to favor our own group

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. scapegoats must be visible but powerless

bystander effect

less likely to help someone in need if others are present. think that someone else will call for help.

chameleon effect

unconscious tendency to mimic those we are interacting with

mannerisms, posture, behavior

reciprocity norm

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases the liking of them

see someone more, you like them more

self-full-filling prophecy

believe we are better or less than depending on what people say to us.

start acting subconsciously based off of perceptions and in turn this change in behavior makes the prophecy true

(start thinking black people are criminals, report more black people for crimes, as a result more black people incarcerated, so then it does fulfill the prophecy)

encoding

is entering the information into your brain for the first time, like making meaning out of it.

processing information into our system

retrieval

the process of retrieving information out of our memory storage

mnemonics

are memory aid devices, usually using vivid imagery or organizational devices

serial position effect

tendency to remember the beginning and end of things.

should start studying or practicing from the middle of something

chunking

easier to recall information when we make it into familiar, manageable chunks

rehersal

conscious repetition of something to boost our memory

hippocampus stores what kind of memory

declarative (explicit)

memory

persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

working memory

short-term memory focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory + visual spatial info and

info retrieved from long term memory

prototypes

mental image or best example of a category

algorithms

methodical logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem

heuristics

simple thinking make quick judgement to solve probs eff

confirmation bias

search for info that affirms preconceptions rather than disprove

fixation

inability to see problem from new perspective

overconfidence

tendency to be more confident than correct

to overestimate accuracy of beliefs and judgements

representative heuristic

judging likelihood of something based on how well it matches stereotypes

availability heuristic

estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory

belief perseverance

clinging to beliefs even if basis on which they’re formed has been disproved

reliability

extent to which test yields consistent results

validity

extent to which test measures or predicts what it is supposed to see

standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

type a personality

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone people

type b personality

easygoing relaxed people

openness

imagine, preference for variety, experience

conscientiousness

organized, careful, disciplined

extraversion

sociability

agreeableness

soft-hearted, trusting, helpful

neuroticism

calm, secure, self-satisfied

noam chomsky

Pre-wired for language acquisition. All kids learn, same rate.

james lange

emotions come from reaction to stimuli

Bear make heart rate up, heart rate up reaction makes u fear

cannon-bard

Emotional response and psychological response happen simultaneously

binet

Known for first intelligence test

Comparison of how other children compared to each other on different tasks

terman

Genetic studies of genius and revision of Stanford-Binet intelligence scales

kubler-ross

Stages of grief

piaget

Theory of cognitive development

Sensorimotor preoperational etc