Research

Refresher Phase_TRA

Research

systematic, disciplined investigation

evidence

Purpose of Nursing Research:

• to develop ______ on issues of the nursing profession

quality of life

Goal of Nursing Research

• To improve _____ ___ _____ of patients

3 types of Variables:

Independent, dependent, and confounding variables

Independent variable

A variable that is the presumed cause

Dependent variable

outcome

A variable that is the presumed effect

• Also known as ________ variable

Confounding or Extraneous vaiable

A variable that has contaminating factors

• ContraVida

• “Confusing”, “Extra”

• Should be minimized only, cannot be totally eliminated

Quantitative research

What type of research is this:

• Empirical: observed, not hunch

  • Empirical: can be observed using the 5 senses—vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch

Quantitative research

What type of research is this:

• Systematic (fixed): logical, planned

Quantitative research

What type of research is this:

• Uses numbers, statistics

Quantitative research

What type of research is this:

• Done in a controlled environment, ↓ biases (bias: negatively affects the study)

Qualitative research

What type of research is this:

• Understanding human or life experiences

Qualitative research

What type of research is this:

• Is flexible, evolving (changing) procedures

Qualitative research

What type of research is this:

• Based on narrative, descriptive, subjective

Qualitative research

What type of research is this:

• Done in the naturalistic setting

Code of Ethics

• Safety

protection of research subjects

• Priority? ________

Confidentiality

Veracity

Autonomy

Beneficence

Non-maleficence

Justice

What are the 6 Ethical Principles?

CVA - BNJ

Confidentiality

• Data not revealed

• Anonymity

Anonymity

• Data cannot be linked to person = remove identifying information about the person such as picture, name, address, etc.

• It is the highest level of confidentiality

Veracity

• Telling the truth or truthfulness

• Carefully provide the complete information (both the risks and benefits) about the study

Autonomy

• Only the individual can decide for himself

• Voluntary decision

Beneficence

• Do good

• To improve health or status

• Ex: medications

Non-maleficence

• Do no “male” (harm)

• Promote safety

• Ex: asepsis

Justice

• No favoritism

• Equal risks and benefits

Informed Consent

Has the right to accept or decline participation voluntarily

Informed Consent

Protects principle of autonomy or the right to self-determination

Voluntary

Informed

Competence

Signature

Informed consent contains 4 components, what are these?

VICS

Voluntary

Informed consent:

• No coercion, no bribery

Informed

Informed consent:

• One should fully understood what the study is all about

Competence

Informed consent:

• Should be 18 years old and above (legal age) and coherent (in sound mind)

1. Participant

2. Witnesses

• 2 witnesses

Informed consent:

• The informed consent must be signed by 2 individuals, who are these?

• Ideally, how many witnesses should witness in signing the consent?

1. Surgeon

2. Anesthesiologist

3. Nurse researcher

Fill in the blanks: WHO obtains the consent?

1. __________ - performing surgery

2. __________ - induction of anesthesia

3. __________ - conducting nursing research

Research problem

• “What is wrong?”

• Curiosity and interests

Goals

It is a research problem that is general

Objectives

It is a research problem that is specific

Population

Independent variable

Relationship

Dependent variable

The basic form of a research question contains?

P-I-R-D of a feather charot

Population

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome

The basic form of a clinical question contains?

P-I-C-O

Primary source

Secondary source

2 types of sources?

Primary source

Reports of original researchers

Secondary source

Reports by someone other than original researcher

• Critique, literature review, commentary, citation of another paper

True Experimental/Experimental/Randomized Controlled Trial

Quasi-experimental

Non-experimental

What are the 3 types of quantitative research designs?

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Grounded theory

Case studies

What are the 4 types of qualitative research designs?

True Experimental/Experimental/Randomized Controlled Trial

It is the strongest design because it possess the 3 elements (CRM).

Control

Randomization

Manipulation

True experimental or experimental or RCT is known as the strongest design because it possesses the 3 elements, what are these?

Control

• Control group (for comparison)

• No intervention/ alternative intervention/placebo

Placebo

false intervention, no value

Randomization

• Most important element of the 3

• Random assignment to experimental and control groups

• Expand Control Groups are EQUIVALENT.

• Cancels confounding variables, ↓ Bias

Manipulation

Intervention or treatment of experimental group

Quasi-experimental

• Confounding variable cannot be minimized in this design, INCREASED bias

• Experimental and Control groups are NON- EQUIVALENT.

Absence of RANDOMIZATION

What is the HALLMARK of Quasi-experimental?

Non-experimental design

• Researchers are by-standers or observers only.

• Done when independent variables cannot be manipulated.

Non-experimental design

• NO Randomization and Manipulation

• Weakest design

Ethnography

• cultural patterns, lifeways, and experiences

• has 2 perspectives

Emic and Etic

What are the 2 perspectives in ethnography?

Emic

insiders’ view (participant)

Etic

outsider’s view (researcher)

Phenomenology

lived experience

Phenomenology

discovering meaning

Grounded theory

• understanding social processes

• e.g. the process of practicing spirituality for health promotion of Filipinos

Case studies

• in-depth study of a single entity

• new or rare diseases

• e.g. Case presentation

Sampling

Selecting a portion of the population (sample)

Sample

a smaller, representative subset of a larger group (the population) that is selected for study.

Representativeness

Goal of sampling?

Slovin’s formula

What is used to determine the sample size in quantitative research?

Population

Symbol: N

sample

Symbol: n

e

What is the symbol of margin of error?

data saturation = data is repetitive

What is used to determine the sample size in qualitative research?

Convenience

Snowball

Quota

Purposive/Judgmental

What are the types of Non-probability Sampling?

C-S-Q-P

Non-probability Sampling

A type of sampling that is:

• Non-random

• Not all have the chance to be selected

• Low representativeness

Convenience

• Most conveniently available people

• Biased, weakest, but most common

• Easiest

Snowball

• Referrals or networking

• As time goes by, the number of participants increases.

• Used in specialized subject (niche)

Quota

Strata; non-random selection

Purposive/Judgmental

• Hand-picking samples

• Includes inclusion and exclusion criteria

Probability sampling

A type of sampling that is:

• Random

• All have chance to be selected

• High representativeness → Low bias → Achieves the goal

Simple random sampling

Systematic random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Cluster or Multistage

What are the types of Probability sampling?

SSS-C

Sampling frame

All probability sampling requires a?

Sampling frame

It is a full list that includes all the elements (people, items, or units) in a population.

Simple random sampling

• Sampling frame: list of population

• E.g. draw lots

Systematic random sampling

Sampling interval (k); k=N/n

• NOT used when there is periodicity

Stratified random sampling

Strata; random

Cluster or Multistage

• Successive random sampling

• Geographic locations

• Used when LARGE areas are involved

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

2 types of Statistics used in data analysis and interpretation

Descriptive Statistics

To synthesize and describe data

• Does NOT establish relationships; only frequency and percentage

Mean

Median

Mode

Measures of central tendency include?

Mean

• Average

• Add all, then divide by frequency

Median

• Middle number

• Arrange first either ascending or descending, then find the middle number

Mode

The most frequent number on the list

Inferential Statistics

To make interpretations about the population

0

Pearson’s r Value:

• No relationship

0.1 to 0.3

Pearson’s r Value:

• Low

0.31 to 0.5

Pearson’s r Value:

• Moderate

0.51 to 1.0

Pearson’s r Value:

• High

Direct

Pearson’s r Value:

• (+) positive correlation

Inverse

Pearson’s r Value:

• (-) negative correlation