Cellular Reproduction chapter 8

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture on Cellular Reproduction, encompassing processes of cell division, checkpoints in the cell cycle, and the implications of cancer.

Asexual Reproduction

doesn’t require sperm or eggs.

Chromosomes

Copying of DNA

DNA is packaged into chromosomes 

Humans have 46

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division that results in two identical daughter nuclei, part of the M phase of the cell cycle.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome, joined together at the centromere, created during DNA replication.

The basics of cellular reproduction

Multicellular organisms

we grow to replace worn-out/ damaged tissue

Chromatin

Thin thread appearance

Chromosome Compaction

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

Cell cycle.

Duplicated chromosomes are made up of sister chromatids joined at the____

centromere.

Interphase stages

G₁

S- DNA synthesis

G₂

G₁ stage

Cell doubles organelles

S-DNA synthesis

Results in each chromosome being composed of 2 sister chromatids

G₂ stage

Extends to onset of mitosis

synthesizes proteins needed for cell division.

Daughter nuclei

genetically identical to each other 

Spindle

pulls chromatids apart.

Made of microtubules

Prophase

chromosomes are visible

condensed pairs

Metaphase

equatorial plate

(Middle)

Anaphase

chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of cell

(apart)

Telophase

two distinct cells

Cell division occurs in ___ phase

Mitotic phase.

Division of nucleus is

Mitosis

Creates two identical daughter nuclei.

Division of cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

Image of G₂ interphase

Prosphase

Prometaphase.

Although mitosis is divided into phases…

it is a continuous process

Plants have centrosomes but…

lack centrioles

Cell membrane in plants…

form from center outward along a cell plate

Cell membrane in animals forms through a

Cleavage furrow..

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

ridged call wall

cell plate

Check points

G₁ checkpoint

G₂ checkpoint

Mitotic stage checkpoint (M)

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Apoptosis

Cell Cycle and Cancer

regulated by signals that inhibit or promote
cell cycle.

Cancer Cells

Undergo metastasis

Benign

Malignant

G₁ checkpoint

Apoptosis can occur is DNA damage cannot be repaired

G₂ checkpoint

Mitosis will NOT occur if DNA has replicated

Mitotic Stage Check point (M)

Mitosis stops until chromosomes are properly aligned 

Benign

in a capsule

Malignant

invasive and may spread

Cell cycle and cancer

cell cycle is regulated by signals that inhibit or promote cell cycle

Signal

a molecule that stimulates or inhibits an event

external signals

come from outside the cell

Internal signals

come from inside the cell