pharmacology & immunology

pharmacology

the study of drugs and thier properties

t/f: there can be multiple generic names of a drug (ex ibuprofen)

false

all of the following are examples of trade names for drug except one, choose the exception:

ibuprofen

3 multiple choice options

during this phase of clinical testing, small doses are given to a small number of healthy human volunteers and it determines human safety

Phase I

during this phase of clinical testing, the drug is given to a large number of healthy humans and is used to test effectiveness and any adverse reactions

Phase II

during this phase of clinical testing post marketing surveillance takes place along with documenting toxicity in patients that are taking the drug after its release; sometimes drugs are taken off market at this point

Phase IV

during this phase drug is given to large number of humans with the condition to be treated; tests safety and efficacy and determines dosages

Phase III

what government agency is in charge of monitoring drugs with potential for abuse?

Drug Enforcement Agency

a prescription is required for what drug schedules?

II, III, IV

schedule ___ drugs require a written or typed prescription for every refill

II

what are examples of schedule IV drugs?

- antianxiety (xanex, valium)

- sleeping meds (Ambien, ativan)

- tramadol (pain)

_________ is the amount of drug needed to produce a therapudic effect

potency

________ is the maximum intensity of effect produced by a drug

efficacy

a less potent drug will require _______ to get the desired effect

more

t/f giving more of a drug will increase efficacy

false

onset

time for the drug to start having an effect

duration

length of time the effect is present

half-life:

time it takes for drug concentration to fall to 50% of original blood level

therapeutic index:

measure of the safety of a drug

bactericidal

drug or substance that kills bacteria- irreversible

bacteriostatic

drug or substance that prevents growth of bacteria

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

lowest concentration of a drug or substance that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation

spectrum:

range of activity of a drug (broad or narrow)

antagonism:

occurs when a combination of two agents produces less effect than either agent alone (opposite of synergism)

synergism:

combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone (opposite of antagonism)

antagonist

drug counteracts the action of agonist

agonist

drug produces an effect and has affinity for a receptor on the cell membrane

what is the acronym for pharmacokinetics? the mechanism of movement of drugs within the body

ADME

t/f: lipid soluble drugs diffuse easily across membranes

true

t/f: ionic molecules diffuse easily across membranes

false

how could the absorption step of pharmacokinetics be bypassed?

when the drug is administered via IV

where is the most important site of drug absorption for oral medications?

small intestine

How are drugs distributed throughout the body?

blood

where does most drug metabolism take place?

liver

t/f: the metabolite is more ionized and less lipid soluble that the parent compound

true

an inactive drug to active metabolite is termed

prodrug

what drug.starts with an active drug and then turns into an active metabolite leading to a longer half-life?

valium

where is a drug excreted from the body?

kidneys

lipid soluble drugs must be metabolized by the _________ into a water soluble form to be excreted in urine

liver

what is the major route of fluoride excretion?

urine

if a drug is taken oraly it would be be termed to be taken the ___________ route

enteral

drugs taken the __________ route are cheap, safe, and convenient but they have a slower onset and drug. blood levels are less predictable

enteral

orally delivered drugs must pass through hepatic portal circulation which can inactivate some drugs called the:

first pass effect

drugs with high first pass effect require a _________ oral dose as a high percentage will be deactivated

larger

this route of drug administration bypasses the GI tract and also the distribution step of ADME it includes inhalation, topical, and injection administration.

Parenteral Route

what is the therapeutic effect of a drug?

the desirable action of the drug

t/f: the therapeutic effect of a drug. is predictable

true

t/f: the adverse reaction is dose related and is expected but unwanted

true

this type of reaction is expected, dose related, and is an exaggeration of the therapeutic effect (ex. respiratory depression)

toxic reaction

t/f: an allergic reaction is not predictable and not dose related

true

this type of allergic reaction is an immediate hypersensitivity - anaphylaxis

Type I

this type of allergic reaction is a delayed hypersensitivity like contact dermatitis

Type IV

a patient presents taking a category A drug and reports that she is pregnant; should you be concerned?

no

this type of reaction is not a side effect of a drug or an allergic reaction it is just a random reaction that could be a result of genetics

idiosyncratic reaction

what are examples of drugs that can interfere with the body's natural defense system?

corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs

lethal dose

dose that kills 50% of animals in laboratory studies

effective dose

the dose that produces effect in 50% of animals

a ____________ therapeutic index increases the risk of toxicity

narrow

all of the following are drugs that are known to have a narrow TI except one, chose the exception:

tylenol & aspirin

3 multiple choice options

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (SANS)

fight or flight response

Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (PANS)

rest and digest

What is a Postganglionic neurotransmitter in the Sympathetic nervous system?

norepinephrine

what is the Postganglionic neurotransmitter in the Parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

what do adrenergic drugs (sympathomimetics) mimic?

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System

what do a-receptors do?

vasoconstriction

what do b1-receptors do?

heart; rate and strength of contraction

what do b2-receptors do?

lungs; bronchodilation

what do bronchodilators treat?

asthma, COPD, emphysema, bronchitis

what is the suffix for bronchodilators?

-terol

what are examples of bronchodilators?

- albuterol

- levalbuterol

- salmeterol

What do vasopressors do?

treat shock, decrease bleedings, and nasal decongestants; contract blood vessels leading to vasoconstriction

what are examples of vasopressors?

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ephedrine (cold med), pseudoephedrine (cold med)

what do cardiac stimulators do?

used to stimulate and restore the heartbeat in emergency situations

what are examples of cardiac stimulators?

epinephrine

t/f: adderall is an example of a adrenergic agent (sympathomimetic)

true

t/f: cocaine is an example of a adrenergic agent (sympathomimetic)

true

t/f: oral mucosal irritation in methamphetamine users is from the method of drug administration, not the drug itself

true

what are some adverse effects of adrenergic agents? (think SANS)

anxiety, tremors, headaches, cerebral hemorrhage & cardiac arrhythmias

adrenergic drugs should not be used in patients with what conditions?

angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

cholinergic drugs mimic the _________

PANS

what are the effects of cholinergic drugs?

Bradycardia, decreased BP, increased motility, pupil constriction

large doses of cholinergic agents produce ________; salivation, lacrimation, urination & dedication

SLUD

what do adrenergic blocking drugs treat?

mainly heart conditions

- hypertension

- arrhythmias

- heart failure

- angina

- post MI

what suffix do b-blockers (beta blockers) adrenergic blocking drugs end in?

-olol

what are side effects of b-blockers? (beta blocker - adrenergic blocking drug)

shortness of breath in asthmatics

which of the following drugs are used to treat xerostomia?

pilocarpine (Salagen) & cevimeline (Evoxac)

t/f: cholinergic drugs can be used to treat glaucoma and Alzheimer's

true

what do anticholinergic drugs block?

acetylcholine

what are the uses of anticholinergic drugs?

mydriasis (pupil dilation), reduced secretions, reduced GI motility

which of the following drugs are examples of anticholinergic drugs?

loperamide (Imodium)

what is atropine (anticholinergic) used for?

to decrease saliva production before surgery

What is ipratropium (anticholinergic) used for?

COPD

what is scopolamine (anticholinergic) used for?

motion sickness

asprin has ___"a's", ibuprofen has _____ and tylenol has ___

4,3,2

nonopioid analgesics work at the __________ nerve endings

peripheral

what is the mechanism of action for non opioid analgesics?

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)

if we inhibit prostaglandin synthesis what happens?

increase pain threshold, desensitized pain receptors, reduced inflammation

aspirin "does it ____!!!"

all

t/f: aspirin is a nsaid

true

what does aspirin do?

analgesic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory, antiplatelet