chapter 8 POH

growth

the measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person's life; height, weight, body shape, physical characteristics, etc.

development

the changes to intellectual, mental, emotional, social, and functional skills that occur over time

physical

body growth; height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, changes in body organs

mental/cognitive

intellectual development, problem solving, making judgements, dealing with situations

emotional

feelings

social

interactions and relationships with other people

infancy stage (birth to 18 months)

trust vs. mistrust ("crisis" or conflict), feeding, cuddling, caregiver responsive to their basic needs

toddler stage

autonomy vs. shame/doubt, toilet training, picking out own clothes, making some decisions independently, giving choices while offering support and reassurance; if needs are not met, lack of self-confidence in later stages

preschool stage

initiative vs. guilt, independence, initiates activities instead of following along, developing a conscience, needs much reassurance; if not met, sense of guilt and hesitancy to try new tasks could develop later on

school age

industry vs. inferiority/incompetence, school, grades, productive at mastering learning and obtaining success

adolescence stage

identity vs. role confusion/loss of self-belief, peers, choosing friends, searching for self-identity, making life choices; if self-identity is lacking, adolescents may develop role confusion and loss of self-belief

young adulthood stage

intimacy vs. isolation, love relationships, life partners, friendships; if self-identity is lacking, may fear relationships and self-isolate

middle adulthood stage

generativity vs. stagnation, parenting, career, seeks satisfaction and success; if unable to deal with life issues, may feel a lack of purpose and a sense of failure

older adulthood stage

ego integrity vs. despair, reflection on and acceptance of life in a positive manner, feels fulfillment in their own life and accomplishments, deals with losses, prepares for death- or they may feel despair about life and fear death

Jean Piaget

4 stages of cognitive development

terminal illness

a disease or condition that cannot be cured and will result in death

Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

extensive research on the process of death and dying; her research and expertise has lead to the establishment of her 5 stages of grieving

denial

"no, not me," cannot accept the reality of death

anger

"why me," strikes/lashes out often, hostile, bitter, places blame

bargaining

accepts death but wants more time

depression

when they realize death is coming soon; may express regrets, withdrawal, become quiet, may express great sadness and overwhelming despair

acceptance

they understand and accept the fact that they are going to die; complete unfinished business, are at peace and can die with dignity

hospice

program designed to provide care for the terminally ill while allowing them to die with dignity

palliative care

care that provides support and comfort

Patient Self-Determination Act

mandates that every individual has the right to make decisions regarding medical care, including the right to refuse treatment and the right to die

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

pyramid or hierarchy of our human needs developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow; physiological, safety and security, love and affection/belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization