biology photosynthesis and respiration

cyclic phosphorylation

cyclic phosphorylation

produces ATP only uses PSI, electrons from chlorophyll molecule are not passed on to NADP but back to PSI using electron carriers. no reduced NADP or oxygen produced

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll

photolysis of water produces protons, electrons, and oxygen

energy from excited electrons makes ATP

Energy from electrons generates reduced NADH (with proton)

Calvin cycle

CO2 binds to RuBP to form 2 molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate, reaction catalysed by rubisco

energy provided from hydrolysis of ATP and hydrogen from reduced NaDP forms 2 molecules of triose phosphate

hydrolysis of ATP regenerates RuBP from 2xTP also forming a one carbon compound that will come to form a hexose sugar

Glycolysis - Phosphorylation

glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate generated from 1 molecule of ATP, forms glucose phosphate.

Glucose Phosphate phosphorylated using phosphate generated from 1 molecule of ATP forms Hexose biphosphate, this splits into 2 molecules of 2 triose biphosphate

glycolysis - Oxidation

Triose phosphate is oxidised (lose of hydrogen) forms 2 molecules of pyruvate, these reduce 2 molecules of NAD, 4ATP molecule produced. final product is pyruvate

products of glycolysis anaerobic respiration plants

co2 lost from pyruvate (decarboxylation)

H+ gained from reduced NAD

products of glycolysis anaerobic respiration animals

H+ from reduced NAD added to pyruvate produces lactic acid

link reaction - aerobic respiration

pyruvate is decarboxylated (co2 removed)

NAD is reduced (pyruvate loses a H+) acetate is formed

Coenzyme A combines with acetate to form acetyl co a

Krebs Cycle

oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA → citrate (CoA goes back to be used in link reaction again)

citrate is decarboxylated (loses CO2) and Dehydrogenation occurs (H+ is used to reduce NAD)

5 Carbon compound is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated again ATP produced from ADP + Pi (Pi from intermediary) dehydrogenation occurs 2 more times first producing 1 molecule of reduced FAD then second time producing 1 molecule of reduced NAD

Oxidative Phosphorylation

hydrogen atoms released from reduced NAD and FAD, as they are oxidised. hydrogens spilt into protons and electrons.

electrons move down ETC losing energy at each carrier

energy is used to pump protons from matrix into intermembrane space

higher conc of protons intermembrane space

protons move down electrochemical gradient into matrix drives the production of ATP from ADP and Pi

protons electrons and oxygen combine to form water (O2 is terminal electron acceptor)