Unit 2 Westward Expansion and Industrialism TEST REVIEW

John D. Rockefeller

Built Standard Oil Company; used trusts to gain financial advantage and control the oil industry. 'competition is a sin.'

J.P. Morgan

Made fortune in financing and railroads; later owned a huge steel company. This financier bought Carnegie's company to form U.S. Steel Corporation.

Andrew Carnegie

Made fortune in steel industry using the Bessemer Process; practiced philanthropy by giving away most of his wealth. Master of steel

Thomas Edison

Inventor who established research laboratory at Menlo Park; created numerous inventions including the light bulb and phonograph.

Chivington & Fetterman

both U.S. Army officers involved in violent clashes with Native Americans during the westward expansion of the United States.

George Custer

Led US forces at Battle of Little Big Horn, which resulted in his defeat.

Homestead Act

Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

When was the homestead act made

1862

Dawes Severalty Act

Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by making them give up their traditional way of life and become US citizens. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

When was the Dawes Severalty Act made

1887

National Reclamation Act

Provided water for Western farms and ranches.

when was the National Reclamation Act made

1902

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated west to escape southern oppression.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who fought Native Americans in the West. These African American cavalry units earned Native American respect.

When was the Transcontinental Railroad Completed

1869

Chinese Exclusion act

Chinese workers were banned from entering the US during

Battle of Little Big Horn

Symbolized US Army overconfidence and resulted in embarrassing defeat; showed Native American resistance. Custer's death with 265 men.

When was the battle of little bighorn

1876

Battle of Wounded Knee

Final major conflict; made Native Americans realize they could not defeat US troops.

When was the Battle of Wounded Knee

1890

Sand Creek Massacre/Chivington Massacre

Another significant conflict in Native American wars.

When was the Sand Creek Massacre/Chivington Massacre

1864

Who led the Sand Creek Massacre

Colonel Chivington

Northeast was the...

Main industrial center of the US in late 1800s/early 1900s

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

These two chiefs led Sioux forces at Little Bighorn.

Why did America have a late start in industrialization compared to Great Britain?

due to political issues that needed resolution first

Bessemer Process

Revolutionary method for steel production.

Barbed Wire

Greatest direct impact was ending the open range for cattle ranchers.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Menlo Park

Edison's research facility where major technological advances and new product research occurred.

Vertical Integration

Allowed business owners more quality control by controlling all aspects of production.

Trusts

Used by companies like Standard Oil to gain financial advantages.

Common Language of Consumption

Americans were united by their ability to make money and buy the same kinds of goods.

The Grange

This organization provided social activities for farm families.

Hatch Act

Also served to help American farmers.

What did both the Grange and Hatch Act do?

They both shared the common goal of supporting agricultural interests

How did frontier conditions encourage strength and inventiveness?

Life on the frontier was tough and unpredictable, so people had to be strong and creative to survive. They built homes, grew food, and solved problems with limited tools and help.

How did the frontier provide escape from "bondage of the past"?

Moving west let people start fresh. They could leave old debts, crowded cities, or strict social rules behind and build new lives on their own terms.

Was Manifest Destiny overall positive or negative for US history?

Overall, it was mixed but leaned negative. It expanded the U.S., but it also pushed Native Americans off their lands and caused conflict and suffering.

Was industrialization overall positive or negative for the USA?

Mostly positive long-term. It created jobs, faster transportation, and new inventions, but it also brought pollution, poor working conditions, and child labor.

How do events from this period still affect your life today?

We still benefit from cross-country railroads, modern factories, and westward settlement patterns. Cities, technology, and even today's highways grew from this era's changes.

Frederick Turner's Frontier Thesis

Key traits developed from frontier life include strength combined with curiosity, restless energy, inventiveness, individualism, and joy from freedom.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Westward Expansion

The movement of settlers and immigrants from the eastern United States to the west.

Key traits developed from frontier life

Strength combined with curiosity, Restless, nervous energy, Inventiveness, Individualism, Joy from freedom

Indian Industrial Schools

Established to assimilate Native Americans into white culture

Buffalo decimation

Professional hunters and settlers systematically slaughtered buffalo herds

California Gold Rush Timeline

1848-1855

California Gold Rush 1849

Drew mini settlers to the west initially; started with simple placer mining techniques; eventually required more advanced techniques

Comstock lode

Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada

Impact of industrialization

Shattered patterns, difficult adaptation, social mobility.

Discovery of the California Gold, Rush

James W.Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in California

Oregon Trail

2170 miles from Missouri to Oregon territory

California Trail

Branched off Oregon Trail, led to California Goldfields

Journey challenges from wagon trails to the west

Distance (426 month journey, covering thousands of miles), disease, diseases, river, crossings, weather, accidents, supplies, timing before winter.

The Donner party tragedy

The Donner Party was a group of 87 American pioneers traveling to California in 1846. They were led by George Donner and James Reed.They decided to take the Hastings Cutoff, a new shortcut that was supposed to save time.Instead, it was rough and slow, which delayed them so much that early winter snows trapped them in the Sierra Nevada mountains, leading to starvation and tragedy.

placer mining

Surface mining technique, using pans and sluices

Jim Crow laws

State laws, enforcing racial segregation in the south