Organic Chemistry - Exam 1

Atomic number

Number of protons

Atomic mass

Number of protons + neutrons

Where are protons and neutrons found?

In the nucleus of an atom.

Where are electrons found?

In the orbitals surrounding the nucleus of an atom.

Electronic configuration order

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p

How many orbitals: s, p, d, f

1, 3, 5, 7

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Equal sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bonds

Unequal sharing of electrons

Linear

180

Bent

104.5, 2 bonds, 1 or more lone pairs

Trigonal Planar

120, 3 bonds, no lone pairs

Trigonal pyramidal

107, 3 bonds, no lone pairs

Tetrahedral

109.5, 4 bonds, no lone pairs

Electronegativity

Increases up and _> the periodic table

Formal charge

Valence electrons - (lone pair electrons + 1 / 2 bonding electrons)

Brønsted-Lowry Acid

Donates a proton

Brønsted-Lowry Base

Accepts a proton

Lewis acid

Electrophiles, electron pair acceptors

Lewis base

Nucleophiles, electron pair donors

Acid —> Conjugate base

The conjugate base has 1 less H and decreases in charge by one unit.

Base—> Conjugate acid

The conjugate acid has one more H and increases in charge by one unit.