Industrialization and Its Consequences

A set of 30 vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes on industrialization, its causes, and its social impacts.

Open Field System

An agricultural system where large fields are cut into strips farmed by a community, with some land left fallow.

Agricultural Revolution

A period of technological innovation in farming techniques that led to improved crop yields and efficiency.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating common lands into individually owned plots, resulting in the rise of tenant farmers and landless rural laborers.

Crop Rotation

A method of farming involving alternating different crops in a given area from season to season to maintain soil fertility.

Jethro Tull

An agricultural pioneer who invented the seed drill, improving the efficiency of planting crops.

Mercantilist Policies

Economic theories advocating government regulation of a nation’s economy for augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.

Dissenters

Individuals who dissent from the established orthodox beliefs, particularly in religious and social contexts during the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions.

Labor Supply

The available pool of workers in an economy, which was crucial for supporting industrial growth.

Mobile Workforce

A workforce that is able to relocate in response to job opportunities, driven by factors such as the Industrial Revolution.

Technological Innovation

The introduction of new technologies that improve productivity and efficiency in various industries.

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves which revolutionized the textile industry.

Water Frame

A spinning frame that used water power, invented by Richard Arkwright, which enabled the mass production of thread.

Steam Engine

An engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid, significantly impacting industrial productivity.

Infrastructure

The fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, including transportation systems and public services.

Urbanization

The process where an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in urban areas, often linked to industrialization.

Child Labor

The employment of children in work that deprives them of their childhood, potential, and dignity—a common practice during the early industrial period.

Consumption Patterns

The behaviors and trends of how consumers use goods and services, which changed significantly during the Industrial Revolution.

Victorian Woman

A term describing the idealized form of womanhood in the Victorian era, emphasizing domesticity, morality, and family values.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly those without ownership of the means of production, who sell their labor for wages.

Industrial Middle Class

The social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, characterized by individuals who gained wealth through industrial capitalism.

Cottage Industry

A system of household-based manufacturing, often using hand tools or simple machinery, prevalent before industrialization.

Mass Production

The manufacture of goods in large quantities through the use of machinery and assembly lines.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing that utilizes machinery and assembly lines in a centralized location to produce goods.

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory suggesting that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, typically defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.

Romanticism

A cultural movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and the glorification of the past and nature, often as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

Laissez-Faire Economics

An economic system in which the government exerts minimal intervention and allows free-market forces to dictate prices and production.

Chartist Movement

A working-class movement in Britain that sought political reforms, including universal male suffrage and secret ballots.

Social Mobility

The ability for individuals or groups to move up or down the social hierarchy, significantly affected by industrialization.

Emancipation of Serfs

The legal freeing of serfs; significant political reforms that occurred in various European countries, affecting labor dynamics.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews that became more prominent during the 19th century due to various social and political factors.

Public Health Act of 1875

Legislation in England aimed at addressing urban sanitation issues, leading to the development of sewer systems and clean water supply.

Scientific Socialism

The political ideology based on the theories of Karl Marx, advocating for a classless society and the abolition of capitalism.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing the interests and culture of a particular nation, often resulting in movements for independence and self-determination.