Deuterostomia
Develops anus first from blastopore. Undergoes radial cleavage and produces coelom through enterocoely.
Cephalochordata
Head + Chord, segmented marine animals with notochord from head to tail
Urochordata
Tail + chord, gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord
Hemichordata
Half + chord, gill slits, post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, stomochord
Echinodermata
Phylum of deuterostomes with spiny skin; exclusively marine organisms like feather stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea stars, and basket stars.
Pentaradial Symmetry
Body plan that contains five ambulacral zones.
Tests
Dried skeletonized bodies of Sea Urchins that show zones.
Ambulacral Zone
Houses important structures such as nerves, blood vessels and water vascular systems.
Ossicles
Tiny, hard bones/plates used to protect the body of an echinoderm. Bound by catch collagen and covered with tubercules.
Tubercles
Attachment points of spines or spicules in the dermis which aids structural ability, protection and movement.
Water Vascular System
Set of canals and tube-feet that form a hydraulic system for locomotion, food and waste transportation and respiration.
Madreporite
A part of the water vascular system by which entry of seawater is controlled.
Papulae
Skin gills/dermal branchiae (soft bumps on the body). Absorbs oxygen from water. Covered with epidermis.
Pedicellarae
Tiny pincer-like projections. Functions to keep the body surface free of debris, protects the papulae and aids in food capture. (Claw-like)
Aristotle's Lantern
Mouth of sea urchins that's located on the underside of their bodies.
Ectoneural
With circumoral ring and radial nerves.
Hyponeural
Away from the mouth.
Aboral
Farthest from mouth, nerve ring around anus.
Nerve Net
Collection of nerves that branch anywhere.
Tactile and chemoreceptors
Senses surroundings, pressure, and substrate including movement and chemicals.
Podia
Senses surfaces.
Terminal tentacles
Senses food particles, surfaces, and water quality.
Photoreceptors
Senses light.
Statocysts
Senses balance, sinking and rising.
Hemal System
Circulates body fluids. Involved in transport of nutrients but doesn't include gaseous exchange. Arranged in a series of hemal rings.
Peritoneal Cilia
They circulate body fluids by lining the body wall and using a beating motion to move the fluid around.
Axial Complex
Filters blood vascular fluids that flows in the hemal system.
Notochord
Major distinguishing feature of phylum Chordata. Flexible rod, first of endoskeleton to appear.
Dorsal Nerve Chord
It is a unique feature in chordates found in the anterior end of the body. It comprises of the brain and spinal chord.
Endostyle
Group of cells that can secrete mucus for food trapping.
Post-Anal Tail
Associated with muscle for motility.
Pharyngeal Gill Slits/Pouches
Filter-feeding apparatus.
Superclass Agnatha
Animals with no jaw and no paired appendages but has pore-like gill openings and a slender and elongated body form
Ostracodermi
Armored fish that are extinct.
Class Myxini
"Slime". Hagfishes or slime eels. They produce incredible amounts of mucus when in danger.
Barbels
Whisker-like structure in mouths of Myxini. Used for sensing the environment like water pressure, water quality and chemical presence in water.
Class Petromyzontida
"Stone" + "Sucking". Lampreys. They are known for their specific oral structures and long larval growth. They have a distinct mouth with suckers.
Buccal Funnel
Mouth of a lamprey which as rows of keratinized teeth used for sticking while its tongue creates the hole it feeds on.
Superclass Gnathostomata
Account for 99% of the diversity of vertebrates. Have jaws, and paired appendages.
Class Chondrichthyes
"Cartilage" + "Fish". Rays, skates and sharks. Has cartilaginous skeleton and are living fossils. Form is torpedo-like.
Placoid Scales
Old scales that serve as a thermal armor for Chondrichthyes.
Lateral-line sensors
Sensitive to disturbances in water, enabling sharks to detect nearby objects by reflected waves in the water.
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Respond to weak electric and magnetic fields, can be used to locate prey and geophysical location.
Class Actinopterygii
"Rays" + "Wing". Comprises 50% of living vertebrate species. Form always has ray-fins and is bilaterally flattened.
Ctenoid and Cycloid Scales
Replaced heavy dermal armor (ganoid) and increased mobility and speed, improving predator avoidance and feeding efficiency.
Swim Bladder
Internal gas filled organ. Allowed control over buoyancy, conserving energy. Acts as a stabilizing agent and functions as a resonation chamber that can produce and receive sound.
Operculum
Provides protection to the gills and increases respiratory efficiency.
Class Sarcopterygii
"Flesh" + "Wing". Includes 3 subclasses: lungfish, coelacanths and tetrapods.
Subclass Dypnoi
Includes lungfish. They possess Diphycercal caudal tails, one or two lungs are modified swim bladders and they have strong, fleshy, paired lobed fins.
Subclass Actinista
Oldest Known living lineage of Sarcopterygii. Morphologically similar to lungfishes.