UNIT 8 APES

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36 Terms

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Point source pollution

Pollution that originates from a single, identifiable source, such as a factory's discharge pipe.

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Non-point source pollution

Pollution that comes from multiple, diffuse sources, like runoff from agricultural fields.

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Sedimentation in aquatic ecosystems

It can smother aquatic habitats, reduce light penetration, and disrupt photosynthesis.

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Effects of oil spills on marine life

Oil spills can coat marine organisms, impairing their ability to move, breathe, and insulate themselves.

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Endocrine disruptors

Chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system, potentially causing reproductive and developmental issues.

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Example of an endocrine disruptor

Bisphenol A (BPA), commonly found in plastics.

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Importance of wetlands

They act as natural water filters, provide habitat for wildlife, and protect against flooding.

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Impact of human activity on mangroves

Activities like coastal development and aquaculture can lead to mangrove deforestation, reducing coastal protection and biodiversity.

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Causes of eutrophication

Excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, often from agricultural runoff or sewage.

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Dead zone

An area in a body of water with extremely low oxygen levels, often caused by eutrophication, leading to marine life die-offs.

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Thermal pollution

The degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature, often from industrial discharges.

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Effects of thermal pollution on aquatic organisms

It can decrease oxygen levels and alter reproductive cycles, leading to stress or death.

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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Toxic chemicals that resist degradation, bioaccumulate in organisms, and can travel long distances through the environment.

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Example of a POP

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a pesticide.

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Bioaccumulation

The buildup of substances, like pesticides, in an organism over time.

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Biomagnification

The increase in concentration of a substance in a food chain, affecting top predators the most.

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Environmental concerns of landfills

Potential leachate contamination of groundwater and methane gas emissions.

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Leachate

Contaminated liquid that drains from landfills, potentially polluting surrounding soil and water.

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Composting

A method of waste disposal where organic waste decomposes naturally, turning into nutrient-rich soil.

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Benefits of recycling

It reduces the need for raw material extraction, conserves energy, and decreases pollution.

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Primary sewage treatment

Physical removal of large solids through screening and sedimentation.

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Purpose of secondary sewage treatment

Biological processes that degrade organic matter using bacteria.

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LD₅₀

The dose of a substance that is lethal to 50% of a test population.

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Importance of LD₅₀ in toxicology

It helps assess the relative toxicity of substances.

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Dose-response curve

It illustrates the relationship between the dose of a substance and its effects on an organism.

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Threshold dose

The lowest dose at which a measurable effect occurs.

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Steep dose-response curve indication

A small increase in dose causes a large effect, meaning the substance is highly toxic.

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NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level)

The highest dose at which no harmful effects are observed.

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Determining toxicity of a substance

By conducting experiments to find LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of a population) or ED₅₀ (effective dose for 50% of a population).

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Acute exposure to pollutants

Short-term and high-dose exposure to pollutants.

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Chronic exposure to pollutants

Long-term and low-dose exposure to pollutants.

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Common sources of lead exposure

Old paint, contaminated water pipes, and industrial emissions.

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Effects of particulate matter on human health

Respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk of lung cancer.

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Pathogens in water supplies

They enter through sewage leaks, agricultural runoff, and contaminated drinking water sources.

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Disease caused by water pollution

Cholera, caused by bacteria in contaminated water.

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Climate change and human health

Increases heat-related illnesses, spreads vector-borne diseases, and worsens air quality.