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Progressives
Building on Populism's achievements and adopting some of its goals (e.g., direct election of senators, opposition to monopolies), the who came to dominate the first two decades of 20th-century American politics.
Progressives
The who achieved greater success in part because theirs was an urban, middle-class movement.
muckrakers
Progressivism got a further boost from a group of journalists who wrote exposés of corporate greed and misconduct.
These writers, dubbed who by Theodore Roosevelt, revealed widespread corruption in urban management
Lincoln Steffens's
These writers, dubbed muckrakers by Theodore Roosevelt, revealed widespread corruption in urban management (what The Shame of the Cities)
Ida Tarbell's
These writers, dubbed muckrakers by Theodore Roosevelt, revealed widespread corruption in oil companies (who History of Standard Oil)
Upton Sinclair's
These writers, dubbed muckrakers by Theodore Roosevelt, revealed widespread corruption in the meatpacking industry (who The Jungle)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
New groups arose to lead the fight against discrimination but met with mixed success. W. E. B. Du Bois headed the what in the quest for racial justice, an uphill battle so strenuous that, after a lifelong struggle, Du Bois abandoned the United States and moved to Africa.
Margaret Sanger
One early advocate, who, faced wide opposition for promoting the use of contraceptives (illegal in most places).
Nineteenth Amendment
The feminist movement's greatest success was in winning women the right to vote, granted by the what in 1920
Robert La Follette
Wisconsin governor who led the way for many Progressive state leaders. Under his leadership, he implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation.
ballot initiative
Many states extended greater power to voters by adopting the what, through which the voters could propose new laws
referendum
Many states extended greater power to voters by adopting the ballot initiative, through which the voters could propose new laws; the what, which allowed the public to vote on new laws
recall election
Many states extended greater power to voters by adopting the ballot initiative, through which the voters could propose new laws; the what, which gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired.
Theodore Roosevelt
The most prominent Progressive leader was President who. In the 1900 election, Republican Party leaders chose him to be McKinley's running mate because they feared McKinley might become too powerful.
McKinley
He was a conservative president, and Roosevelt was expected to emulate his policies, though rumors had begun to circulate that Roosevelt harbored progressive sympathies.
Sherman Antitrust Act, the Trust Buster
After he convincingly won the 1904 election on the strength of his handling of Latin American affairs, Roosevelt began boldly enacting a progressive agenda. He was the first to successfully use the what against monopolies, and he did so repeatedly during his term, earning the nickname the what.
Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
described the dangerous conditions in America's meatpacking factories, Roosevelt encouraged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act
created federal standards for meatpacking factories
Pure Food and Drug Act
required all processed food and drugs to include ingredient labels
National Park Service and the National Forest Service
Roosevelt's desire to conserve natural resources led him to preserve millions of acres of forested land and to encourage Congress to create the what and what.
William Howard Taft
who won the election of 1908, spearheaded the drive for two constitutional amendments, one that instituted a national income tax (the Sixteenth Amendment) and another that allowed for the direct election of senators (the Seventeenth Amendment).
William Howard Taft
On the foreign policy front, who is best known for "dollar diplomacy," the attempt to secure favorable relationships with Latin American and East Asian countries by providing monetary loans.
William Howard Taft
Who is the only former president to sit on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was the tenth chief justice, serving from 1921 to 1930.
Woodrow Wilson
The third Progressive president was who, a Democrat who had to distinguish himself from Teddy Roosevelt, who ran for reelection (after Taft's one term) on the Bull Moose ticket in 1912.
New Nationalism, New Freedom
While Roosevelt's policies are often referred to as what, Wilson referred to his ideas and policies as what.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Wilson created the what, lobbied for and enforced the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, and helped create the Federal Reserve System, which gave the government greater control over the nation's finances.
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
Wilson created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), lobbied for and enforced the what, and helped create the Federal Reserve System, which gave the government greater control over the nation's finances.
Federal Reserve System
Gave the government greater control over the nation's finances. Influenced by Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.
Spanish Flu
Progressivism lasted until the end of World War I, at which point the nation, weary from war and from the devastating what outbreak of 1918, stepped back from its moral crusade.
Red Scare
A what, heightened by the Russian Revolution, further split the Progressive coalition by dividing the leftists from the moderates.
Platt Amendment
In 1903, the Roosevelt administration strong-armed Cuba into accepting the what, which essentially committed Cuba to American control. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation without U.S. approval, and the United States had the right to intervene in Cuba's affairs if domestic order dissolved. A number of invasions and occupations by the Marine Corps resulted.
Panama
Congress approved a plan for a canal through where, at the time a province of Colombia. Because Colombia asked for more than the government was willing to spend, the United States encouraged Panamanian rebels to revolt and then supported the revolution
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
During the next 20 years, troops intervened repeatedly, claiming that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security. This assertion came to be known as the what and is often referred to as the Big Stick Policy
World War 1
American commitment to that aspect of the Monroe Doctrine would soon be tested, as Europe started down the path leading to what war.
neutrality
When war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Wilson immediately declared the U.S. policy of what. It called for America to treat all the belligerents fairly and without favoritism.
submarines, U-boats
England's strategic location and superior navy allowed it to impose an effective blockade on shipments headed for Germany, particularly those coming from the United States. Germany attempted to counter the blockade with what or what?
contemporaneous international law
According to what, an attacker had to warn civilian ships before attacking.
Lusitania
When the German submarines sank the passenger ship what in 1915 (killing 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans), the action provoked the condemnation of both the government and much of the public.
preparedness
In 1916, while Wilson was campaigning for reelection on the slogan "He kept us out of war," Germany sank another passenger liner, the Arabic. In response, Wilson, while still maintaining neutrality, asked Congress to put the military into a state of what for war, just in case.
Zimmermann telegram
Then, in early 1917, the British intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico. It imaginatively called the what, outlined a German plan to keep the United States out of the European war. This stated that if Mexico were to declare war on the United States, Germany would provide Mexico help in regaining the lands lost in the Mexican War. This also suggested that Germany would help Japan if they, too, wanted to go to war against America.
War Industry Board (WIB)
The what, created to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural production, sought to guarantee that not only the United States but also the rest of the Allies would be well supplied.
Espionage Act
What act prohibited anyone from using the U.S. mail system to interfere with the war effort or with the draft that had been instituted under the Selective Service Act of 1917 upon America's entry into the war.
Sedition Act
The what made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flag, the military, or the Constitution. Like the Alien and Sedition Acts in the late 1790s, both laws violated the spirit of the First Amendment but were worded vaguely, giving the courts great leeway in their interpretation.
Schenck v. United States, Espionage Act
In what case (1919), the Supreme Court upheld the what act, ruling that freedom of speech is not absolute if it poses a "clear and present danger." Socialist Charles Schenck was arrested for distributing leaflets urging men to resist the WWI draft, arguing it violated the Thirteenth Amendment’s ban on involuntary servitude. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes ruled against Schenck, comparing his actions to falsely yelling "FIRE!" in a crowded theater. This case set a precedent for limiting free speech during wartime.
Russian Revolution
A mood of increased paranoia pervaded the era, heightened by the what in 1917, which placed Russia under Bolshevik control.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover
Eugene V. Debs, the Socialist leader, was also imprisoned for criticizing the war. A new government agency, the what, was created to prevent radicals from taking over; who headed the nascent agency (and continued to run it until the 1970s).
Mitchell Palmer, Palmer Raids
In April of 1919, a series of bombs exploded in several American cities, one damaging the home of Attorney General A. who. Ongoing fears of radicalism and the spread of communism following the Russian Revolution encouraged him to organize a series of raids on suspected radical groups around the country. In the what in early 1920, the government abandoned all pretext of respecting civil liberties as its agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences. Over 10,000 were arrested in over 30 cities, but very few weapons or bombs were found. About 500 immigrants were eventually deported at the conclusion of the these raids.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
During World War I, the what used propaganda to spread anti-German sentiment in the U.S. Its messages portrayed Germans as violent and ruthless, leading Americans to reject German culture, even renaming sauerkraut "liberty cabbage." This propaganda fueled discrimination and violence against German immigrants and German Americans.
Great Migration
Southern Black people, realizing that wartime manufacturing was creating jobs in the North, undertook a what to the big cities, such as New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit. During the war, more than 500,000 Black people left the South in search of work. Many Black people joined the army; W. E. B. Du Bois encouraged Black people to enlist, hoping that military service would provide an inroad to social equality.
Fourteen Points
Wilson wanted the war treaty to be guided by his what, his plan for world peace delivered to Congress in January of 1918, before the end of the war.
League of Nations
The Fourteen Points called for free trade through lower tariffs and freedom of the seas; a reduction of arms supplies on all sides; and the promotion of self-determination, both in Europe and overseas; in other words, the end of colonialism. The plan also called for the creation of the what, a mechanism for international cooperation much like today's United Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
Under the what, Germany was forced to cede German and colonial territories to the Allies, to disarm, to pay huge reparations, and to admit total fault for the war, despite other nations' roles in starting it.
separation of powers and checks and balances
According to the Constitution, the president has the power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, but these treaties are subject to Senate ratification. This illustrates the principles of what and what.
Democrats
The Senate split into three groups: who sided with Wilson and were willing to accept America's entrance into the League of Nations
Irreconcilables
a group of Republicans who were totally opposed to the League and were known as the what
Henry Cabot Lodge
Reservationists, a group of Republicans led by who, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Wilson's political nemesis and intellectual rival.
pro-business
The government, which had worked closely with business leaders as part of the war effort, also grew to be more what during the era. Government regulatory agencies (such as the Federal Trade Commission) more often assisted business than regulated it.
Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover
All three of the era's presidents who, who, and who-pursued pro-business policies and surrounded themselves with like-minded advisors.
Teapot Dome Scandal
The most infamous incident of Harding’s administration was the what, in which oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands.
Coolidge prosperity
When Coolidge ran for the presidency in 1924, he turned the election into a debate on the economy by running on the slogan what? Coolidge won easily and, following his mandate, continued Harding's conservative economic policies
welfare capitalism
Businessmen hoped that, if they offered some such benefits, they could dissuade workers from organizing and demanding even more. Such practices were often referred to as what?
automobile
No consumer product better typified the new spirit of the nation than the what. At first, they were expensive conveniences, affordable only to the extremely wealthy
Henry Ford
automobiles were expensive conveniences, affordable only to the extremely wealthy; then, who perfected the assembly line and mass production, which lowered the cost of automobiles.
suburbs
The automobile allowed those who worked in the cities to move farther away from city centers, thus giving birth to the what, which, in turn, transformed the automobile from a convenience to a necessity.
advertising industry
As more houses gained access to electric power, household appliance sales boomed as well. The what grew up during the decade to hype all these new products.
flapper
Despite the persistence of traditional roles for women, a new image of American women emerged and became a symbol of the Roaring Twenties-the what?
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene O'Neill
Sports grew more popular as well, especially baseball, whose greatest player of the era, Babe Ruth, was idolized by millions. In literature, America gained international prominence through such world-class authors as who, who, and playwright who.
lost generation
Ironically, many of these writers moved to Europe, where they chronicled their alienation from the modern era, which explains why they came to be known as the what
Harlem Renaissance
In the largest Black neighborhood of New York City, theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers sprang up-a development called the what.
W. E. B. Du Bois
Who opened writers' centers, and his prominence helped draw attention to Harlem's cultural movement
Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston
Among the great figures of the Harlem Renaissance were the poets who, who, and who.
Jazz Age
Another major Black cultural development was the popularization of jazz. Because jazz featured improvisation and free-spiritedness, it came to be seen as emblematic of the era (which is how the decade came to be known as the what).
Louis Armstrong
Probably the most popular and most gifted of the era's jazz musicians was trumpeter who.
Yiddish
There were a dozen what theaters in New York City alone, performing mostly satirical plays for Jewish audiences.
A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises
Ernest Hemingway's experiences in World War I are reflected in many of his books, such as what two books.
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