AP US History - Period 7 Vocabulary

"Bull Moose" Party

During the 1912 election, Theodore Roosevelt formed this progressive party so that he could run against the incumbent Republican president without winning the Republican nomination for president.

Clayton Antitrust Act

This act greatly strengthened the provisions of breaking up monopolies in the Sherman Antitrust Act. This law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

Conservation

The preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources; one of Teddy Roosevelt's main concerns in his Square Deal and resulted in National Park System

Ida Tarbell's The History of Standard Oil (Company)

A book about Rockefeller's monopoly over the oil business; it grew to be a nineteen-part series, published between November 1902 and October 1904; the author wrote a detailed exposé of Rockefeller's unethical tactics, sympathetically portraying the plight of Pennsylvania's independent oil workers.

Initiative

In this process the populous can submit a law for consideration to the local or state legislature.

Referendum

In this process a governing body allows the populous to vote on an issue by placing the measure on a ballot during an election, rather than simply making the decision apart from the people.

Recall

Using this political process, citizens can vote to remove an elected official from office.

Jane Addams' Hull House

This Progressive reformer is famous for establishing a settlement house in Chicago in order to help poor immigrant families and children adjust to life in America.

LaFollette's "Wisconsin Idea"

Progressive-era policy to apply the expertise of the state's university to social legislation that benefited all the state's citizens; it led to classic programs such as regulation of utilities, workers' compensation, tax reform, and university extension services;

Meat Inspection Act

This law set standards for slaughterhouses and meat processing centers across the United States and was made possible in large part due to the revelations made prevalent by Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

Pure Food & Drug Act

This legislation led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.

Muckrakers

During the Progressive era, these types of journalists were characterized by being very investigative. They exposed social inequities, educated the public about corruption in high places, and prepared the way for corrective action and reforms.

NAACP

After the formation of the Niagara Movement, this organization developed in order to pursue civil rights for African Americans and all people in the U.S.

New Freedom

This policy was advocated by Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election. In it he promised to restore free competition and equality of economic opportunity in the United States. There was also an emphasis on minimizing the role of the government.

Niagara Movement

Dubois started this movement to create a list of demands (unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, equality of economic opportunities) at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

Progressive Era

The sweeping term for the widespread response to political and social problems caused by growth in the Gilded Age.

Prohibition

This term refers to the official process of making it illegal to buy or sell alcohol.

Sherman Antitrust Act

In 1890 Congress passed this law with the intent of promoting small business and prohibiting any "restrictions upon free trade" in order to fight against the formation of monopolies. Ironically, the Supreme Court interpreted the legislation in a manner that actually favored big business.

Social Darwinism

Formulated by Herbert Spencer, this was the idea that humans also struggled with survival of the fittest in society. Spencer posed that through competition, social evolution would allow for the poor/weak to die out and automatically produce prosperity and liberty unseen in human history.

Social Gospel Movement

The idea that a social, moral responsibility to care for the poor is inherent in the Christian faith.

Square Deal

This was President Teddy Roosevelt's domestic program, which was formed upon the ideas of conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. It tried to help everyone in society, from middle class to big industries.

The Federal Reserve

In 1914 this was established as the central banking authority in the U.S to regulate credit rights, retain stability, and oversee America's monetary policy.

Theodore Roosevelt

He became president when McKinley was assassinated and served until 1909. He began a string of serious reforms, including his significant "trust-busting" spree, in the United States.

Trust-busting

President Teddy Roosevelt's practice of dissolving harmful monopolies and taming monopolies that, though not harmful, still controlled large portions of the American economy.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

This person who was also a muckraker and his work helped lead to reforms in the meat packing industry.

WEB DuBois

He was one of the early founders of the Niagara Movement and the NAACP. He was also well known for his "talented tenth" concept, through which he felt African Americans could destroy segregation.

William Howard Taft

He became president of the United States in 1909, although he did not desire the position. He carried on many progressive reforms, although Roosevelt accused him of not being "progressive enough".

Woodrow Wilson

American President first known for his neutrality, and then diplomatic leadership during WWI, and after the war was more notably known as an advocate for world cooperation.

American Expeditionary Force

This was the name of the military group that the United States sent to Europe in order to contribute to the war effort.

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

This policy referred to Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy by acting boldly and decisively in different situations. Roosevelt favored this African proverb, "speak softly and carry a big stick," in terms of his Latin American foreign policy.

Central vs. Allied Powers

The two sides who faced each other in WWI with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire fighting Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy at the beginning of the war.

Espionage Act

Provided for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operations of the draft.

Eugene Debs

He was one of the most radical individuals in late 19th century America. He was a professed socialist (helped to lead this party in the early 20th century) and helped to organize the Pullman Strike in 1894.

Foreign Policy

A government's strategy in dealing with other nations.

"Great Migration"

This was the movement of African Americans where a million people traveled North from the South to seek jobs in the cities and to escape deteriorating race relations and the destruction of cotton by the boll weevil.

Homefront

This is the term used for a country's civilians and their activities when their country's soldiers are fighting abroad.

Imperialism

This is a policy of extending a country's power, culture, and influence by diplomacy or military force. This especially happened in the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico when they were taken over by the US.

Jingoism

This is the term used to describe a foreign policy that tends to err on the side of using force or going to war in order to achieve its goals.

League of Nations

This was the international peace association, made up of the signers of the Treaty of Versailles. It called on each member nation to protect the independence and integrity of other members. In the United States, the Senate had to pass this for it to be in effect, so the president campaigned. However, the United States ended up not joining the association or ratifying the Treaty of Versailles anyway.

Lenin's Bolshevik Revolution

Led by a Communist who had been exiled, this revolution started in Russia for "land, bread, and peace" ultimately ended in the removal of Russia from WWI.

Militarism

Believed to be a cause of WWI, this is the belief that a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Mobilization

This is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The US had to do this in 1917 through the War Industries Board to purchase war supplies and efficiently get ready for war.

War Industries Board (WIB)

This was a United States government agency established in 1917, during World War I, to help mobilize the American economy for possible war and coordinate the purchase of war supplies.

Open Door Policy

John Hays did not want China to have spheres of influence, so he implemented this policy in which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China.

Panama Canal

In 1903, the United States began working with a namesake country to build this waterway in order to connect the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea.

Philippine-American War

After the conclusion of the Spanish-American War the United States engaged in this conflict with the Filipino people who had hoped they would be granted complete independence after the war, rather than becoming a territory of the U.S.

Preparedness

This was opinion that the United States should begin building up their military might once World War One began, just in case the US was pulled into the war.

Propaganda

Systematic program or particular materials designed to promote certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term is used negatively, implying the use of manipulative or deceptive means; during WWI, this was in many posters.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

This propaganda agency enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, and performers to depict the heroism of U.S soldiers and the villainy of the Kaiser. This agency urged Americans to watch out for German spies and to "do their bit" for the war.

Roosevelt Corollary

This policy meant that the United States would send gunboats to a Latin American country that didn't pay its debts. U.S sailors and marine would then occupy the country's major ports to manage the collection of the debts until they were gone, instead of European countries occupying the Latin American countries, a violation of the Monroe Doctrine.

Schenck v. U.S.

In this Supreme Court case the court ruled that the right to "free speech" did not protect an individual that caused a "clear and present danger" in any situation, such as yelling "fire" in a theater when there is not a fire.

Sedition Acts (Period 7)

These laws were used to prohibit dissent against the US during WWI as well as any source of criticism or action against the US government, flag, military, taxes, or officials.

Selective Service Act

Under this act in 1917, about 2.8 million men were eventually called by lottery into the army. This system was devised by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker as a democratic method for making sure all groups of the population were called into service.

Spanish-American War

Started when the USS Maine blew up, the "Splendid Little War" fought over Cuban independence, which would lead to the Philippine Insurrection and extension of American territories.

"Strong Reservationists"

A group of Republican senators led by Henry Cabot Lodge who would not support the Treaty of Versailles unless it underwent major changes particularly Article X.

The Lusitania

This sinking of this British passenger-liner by a German U-Boat in 1915 led the United States one step closer to entering World War One as the ship had a number of Americans onboard.

Total War

This is when the entire resources and population of a country are getting ready towards the war effort, which takes priority over everything else. During WWI in America, this meant conscription for the troops, women working in factories, rationing meals or growing victory gardens so soldiers would be supplied with food.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace agreement ending WWI that the United States never ratified, though their president was a major force in drafting it.

U.S. Neutrality

This was America's policy prior to the beginning and during most of WWI. President Wilson sought to distance the US from WWI by issuing a proclamation of this. Wilson's policy was consistent with America's traditional policy of avoiding European entanglements, Wilson insisted that all belligerents respect American rights on this in the high seas.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

This German practice led to the sinking of the Lusitania, Sussex, and Arabica and was one of the key factors that led the United States to enter World War One.

Western vs. Eastern Front

During WWI, these were the major "theaters" of war where the militaries fought. One theater was in France and the other was in Russia. All other places fought in WWI were minor in comparison to these theaters.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson presented this list of war aims in January 1918, encouraging peace. It included the recognition of freedom of seas, reduction of national armaments, self-determinism, and the creation of the League of Nations.

Yellow Journalism

This type of reported sought to exaggerate or even falsify stories in order to increase sales and readership. This type of reporting on the sinking of the USS Maine helped lead to the Spanish-American War.

Zimmerman Note

This message from Germany to Mexico was intercepted by the British. The message allegedly promised to give U.S. territory lost by Mexico in 1848 back to Mexico if Mexico would declare war on the U.S. in WWI.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

This piece of legislation sought to decrease the surplus of crops in the U.S. by providing farmers with a monetary supplement if they left a certain amount of their fields un-planted.

Bank Holiday

In one of the first days after his inauguration, Roosevelt enacted this executive order, calling for banks to close for four days in order to help the financial system as Treasury officials evaluated banks. This order under Roosevelt restored confidence with banks in that Americans believed if a bank was reopened, it was good.

Black Tuesday

The Wall Street crash was in reality part of a steep slide, but on this day, the market showed great decline as more than 16 million shares were sold in a panic and the market's foundation crumbled.

Bonus Army

This group of WWI veterans marched on Washington, D.C. and demanded their promised pensions from the war. President Hoover used the military to remove the protesters.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

This was created as one of the measures taken by FDR to combat the Depression during the first Hundred days. It was an unemployment relief effort, which provided work for jobless men in protecting and conserving natural resources, such as through road construction, reforestation, and flood control.

Consumerism

This is the cultural tendency to purchase a large amount of goods and services as a way of life. This lifestyle and mindset can often create extreme materialism and can help to drive a capitalistic society.

Court-Packing

During this scheme, FDR intended to fill the federal courts with judges that supported his ideas so that the courts would overturn less of his legislation as unconstitutional.

Dust Bowl

Due to over farming, poor farming practices, and a drought, a large area on the Great Plains dried out and became susceptible to the intense wind storms of the area. Soon, this area from northern Texas up through Nebraska became known as the _________.

Fair Labor Standards Act - 1938 (FLSA)

This legislation, passed in 1938, created minimum wage, as well as the idea of working overtime.

FDR's New Deal or the First New Deal

In the first Hundred Days, Roosevelt established many agencies including the CCC, AAA, and TVA, which all were under the name of this legislation that Roosevelt implemented in the 1930s.

FDR's Second New Deal

A new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; AKA the Second Hundred Days

Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC)

This government program was started by the Glass-Steagall Act and promised to insure up to a certain dollar amount that an individual had in a single bank. Today that amount is temporarily at $250,000 per person/per bank.

Fireside Chats

In order to communicate his plans and programs to the ordinary people of the U.S., the president during the Great Depression used these broadcasts to reassure the American people.

"Flappers"

These women of the 1920s became well known for their disregard for traditional women's roles and were famous for wearing skirts, bobbed hair, smoking cigarettes, and dancing the Charleston.

Great Depression

A worldwide economic downturn that started in Oct 1929 and lasted through the 1930s. It began in the US and quickly spread to every part of the world. International trade declined sharply, as did personal incomes, tax revenues, prices and profits.

Harlem Renaissance

This was a cultural and artistic movement during the 1920s led by individuals in the African-American community, such as Langston Hughes. The movement was centered in New York City, but had national implications.

Henry Ford

He was famous for perfecting the assembly line process in developing his namesake automobiles.

"Hoovervilles"

Tent-cities existent in the 1930's, named after the president whose "fault it was" that people couldn't find work during the Depression.

Huey Long's "Share the Wealth" Plan

This flamboyant orator and governor from Louisiana, coined the name "Kingfish," was the biggest threat to Roosevelt's authority. When elected to Senate, he gained more popularity as he criticized the pace of the New Deal, and promoted a redistribution of wealth among all people through a plan, where, as his slogan said, 'every man would be a King.' His popularity grew up until his assassination in 1935.

Immigration Acts of 1921 & 1924

A response to the Red Scare, legislation passed that put a 3% cap on immigration from any country, and limited US immigration to 150,000 total per year.

Mass Production

The production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques); used by Henry Ford.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

This 1st New Deal reform sought to guarantee reasonable profits for businesses and fair hours for laborers.

New Deal Coalition

This coalition included traditionalist Democrats, political machines, industrial workers, trade unionists, and many farmers hit by the Depression. In 1936, the Democrats drew in this new group of voters which allowed Roosevelt to win in a landslide, and which dominated national politics for years.

On-Margin Buying

This method brought many new customers to the stock market as Americans were lured into the market with the idea of purchasing stocks by making a small down payment, borrowing the rest from a broker, and using the stocks as security for the loan.

Overproduction / Underconsumption

This type of business growth had produced a volume of goods that workers didn't have the income to buy; also referred to the amount of crops grown by farmers (1st vocab word) - major cause of the Great Depression.

Herbert Hoover

The Republican president presiding over the early years of the Great Depression, this man stuck to his guns and did not use the US Government to intervene in the economy.

Red Scare

During the 1920s, American xenophobia & paranoia about the spread of communism reached a new high and lead to incidents like the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. Name this phenomenon.

"Relief, Recovery, Reform" Programs

The 3 "R"s that made up the New Deal. One was to provide money directly to the area of need and try to improve conditions; another was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937 and the other let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor.

Religious Fundamentalism

In response to the "Roaring 20's," many Americans returned to more strict religious beliefs; particularly in rural areas, this movement became a haven for "traditional American values."

Rugged Individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Herbert Hoover.

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial

These two men were convicted and executed with very little evidence because of their anarchist tendencies (the fact that they were immigrants also didn't help).

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

A bureaucratic organization created to regulate the stock market

Social Security Act

This piece of legislation, a key component of the 2nd New Deal, guaranteed health insurance and a retirement pension for those retired individuals over 65.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

This organization helped to provide jobs and electricity to thousands of people across the South-eastern United States.

The First Hundred Days

Upon entering office, Hoover's successor pushed a record number of laws through Congress in order to spread relief, recovery and reform. This period of time became known as ________ in reference to its duration.

The Lost Generation

Made popular by Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein, this term describes the group of people that came of age during WWI.