AP Psych - Semester 1 Exam Review W/ Countries

Community psychologists

would help in an area hit by a national disaster (Focuses on different influences on a community and how they may affect the community)

Key feature of psychodynamic perspective is..

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Mary Calkins

First female psychology graduate and APA president

The Cognitive Revolution involved a renewed interest in...

Mental Processes (Internal processes driving human behavior)

Placebo

Something that is designed to look like the tested drug, but has no effect

Identifying the mean

(total of all values)/(number of values)

Why is replication important to science?

repeated search w/ similar resulting increases in confidence in the reliability of the original findings

Operational definition

The process of replication is facilitated by the OD (The description of something in terms of the operations by which it can be observed and measured)

Psychiatrist

Specialist who is most likely to have a medical degree (Diagnoses and prescribes medicine for mental illnesses)

Pituitary gland

Regulates Body Growth (Also called "master gland", controls functions such as growth and metabolism through hormones)

Introspection

Looking within oneself (pushing a button as soon as you are aware of the sound)

Behaviorists dismiss the value of...

Introspection

Contemporary psychology is best defined as...

Study of Behavior and Mental Processes

Psychologists use experiments to distinguish between...

Cause and effect

Wording effects on experiments

Can skew the responses of people therefore skew the results (Can change the way someone views something)

Multiple levels of analysis

Biopsychosocial Approach. Three main levels of analysis - biological, psychological, and social cultural

Behavioral perspective

A focus on observable behavior without reference to mental processes

Standard deviation on a normal bell curve

About 68% of people are one standard deviation away from mean, 95% are two deviations away

Psychoanalyst focus vs humanist focus

Psychoanalysts focus on (CHILDHOOD EXPERIMENTS) how behavior springs from unconscious behavior and drives, humanistic focuses (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON POTENTIAL) on how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, and achieve self fulfillment

Which part of the brain relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements?

Cerebellum

Parietal lobe

Allows you to feel someone scratching your back (Lobe of the brain that processes sensory information)

Synapse

The gap between neurotransmitters where information is transferred

Alcohol in small vs large doses

Is a depressants no matter what the dose (In small doses, it increases heart rate, aggression, and impulsivity. In large doses, causes sluggishness, disorientation, and slowed heart rate.)

NREM-1 sleep

Have brain waves most similar to REM (A brief period of sleep where breathing slows, irregular brain waves, may experience sensations of floating or falling)

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol and a sleeping pill?

They're both depressants so they can slow the nervous system too much, and result in death

Brainstem

Reticular formation is in the brainstem (The oldest part of the brain that controls survival functions like breathing and heartbeat)

Impact of smoking marijuana

Becoming relaxed, mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss

Manifest content

The remembered content of the dream (The actual content of a dream)

Light wave amplitude determines..

Intensity of colors or Brightness

Motor cortex

Area of the rear frontal lobes that control voluntary movement

MRI

The best tool to study enlarged fluid filled regions of the brain (Magnetic resonance imaging, non invasive way to produce images of brain/ other organs)

Everything that is _____ is also _____

Psychological; biological

Compared to a twenty year olds.. what is a sixty year old's sleep like?

They spend less time in deep sleep

Sleep talking may occur in what stage of sleep?

NREM-3

Franz Gall

Believed that bumps on the skull reveals mental abilities

REM-2 sleep

90 minutes after falling asleep, eyes start darting and breathing is fast and irregular, 2 Fast jerky eye movements are associated with REM

Natural selection

Evolutionary Psychologist sue Natural Selection to study how people evolve

Endocrine system

A set of glands that communicate across the body through hormones

Retinal disparity

3-D movies utilize this to enhance our sense of depth perception (Binocular cue that allows us to perceive depth)

Change blindness

Not noticing your waiter changed (When change in a situation is unnoticed)

Receptor cells for kinethesis are located in...

Joints, tendons, bones, and ear

Pressure spots

Ticklish spots are pressure spots

John Locke's belief on how people perceive the world

Empiricism theory that we acquire ideas through our experience of the world

Visual Cliff

Shows that the ability to perceive depth is partially innate

Movement of hair cells along basilar membrane

Initiates transduction and transmission of messages to auditory cortex

Color constancy

an objects perceived color is influenced by it's surrounding objects (Our ability to recognize colors as consistent despite varying lighting/environments)

Sensation

The process of reviewing and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system (Process of detecting physical stimuli and converting into neural signals)

Retina

Light sensitive inner surface of eye(Where the rods and cones are located, inner part of the eye)

Frequency theory explains _____ and place theory explains _____

Low pitches; high pitches

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves

The longest waves as blue-violet and shortest as red

Sensory interaction

When eyes are closed and nose is plugged, someone has a hard time telling the difference between a pear and a onion

Olfactory receptor cells

essential for sense of smell

Perceptual set

After watching a scary movie, the creaking of your house becomes more dangerous. (A readiness to perceive certain objects or events above others)

Gate control theory

Nerve fibers open a neural fate in the spinal cord that allows you to feel pain

Shape constancy

Textbooks cast a trapezoid image on our retina but we perceive them as rectangles (Ability to see shapes as constant despite distortion)

Why is it hard to locate sound played directly above us?

It reaches both ears at the same time or simultaneously

The constant quivering of our eyes allows us to

Minimize sensory adaptation

Operant conditioning

1. Behavior influence by it's consequences, 2. A learned association between a response or consequence. 3. Duplicate Q

Insight learning

Immediate and clear understanding without trial and error

Generalization

Generalizing something embarrassing (bed wetting) w/ all things that are associated w/ it (bathrooms)

(Tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus)

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between...

Events it doesn't control
(A previously neutral stimulus (now conditioned) is now associated with a response)

Negative reinforcer

Any stimulus that when removed increases behavior

Internal locus of control

The belief that you have control over your own life

Positive punishment

Giving a kid a spanking (Decreasing a behavior by adding an adverse stimulus)

Why did BF Skinner want teaching machines?

They allow for shaping and immediate reinforcement

Latent learning

Rats learning how to get through a maze, shows latent learning; animals develop cognitive maps

Shaping

Guiding an organism closer to the desired final behavior

Extinction

Happens when you stop pairing the CS with the US

Prosocial behavior

Act in a way consistent with the way you want your kids to act

Observational learning

The ability to learn by witnessing or (Learning things by imitating others)

Mirror neurons

Provide the basis for observational learning, (such as imitating)

External locus of control

Ones fate is determined by luck

Negative reinforcement and punishment

Negative reinforce: increased the rate of responding; Punishment: Decrease the rate of responding
(NR: taking away a negative stimulus, NP: taking away a positive stimulus)

The most crucial ingredient in learning is...

Experience

Associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together( associate one stimulus with another)

According to BF Skinner, behavior controlled by..

external influences (punishment and reward (think of law of effect))

Classical conditioning

An unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, leading to a conditioned response

Spacing effect

Studying for small chunks over a long amount of time is better for memory (We remember information better when we rehearse it over time)

Imagery

We are more likely to remember words like typewriter or pencil than words like void or process because we can picture them (Mental representations)

Chunking

The use of acronyms is a form of chunking (Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit)

Semantic encoding

When something is encoded by it's meaning (Processing the meaning of information by associating it with what we already know)

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt __________ memory

Short term

An adult easily relearning a topic he learned as a child displays..

Relearning

Mood congruent memory

you recall better when in the same mood when you were when you learned it

Proactive interference

A guy remembers his old GF'S # but forgets his new GF's # (Old learning messes with new learning)

Wording effects impact on memory

Also known as framing, can change how we remember something

Source amnesia

Inability to remember where/when a memory came from

Misinformation effect

Initial learning of misinformation can effect later memories

Prototype

A mental representation of a typical example of a thing

Confirmation bias

We often look for evidence that supports our beliefs, not the other way around

Mental set

The tendency to approach something one way, a way that has often been successful in the past, even if it is no longer successful

Overconfidence

The tendency to overestimate our beliefs and judgements

Framing

(organ donors) "Opting in" for something produces a higher "yes" rate than when it says "opt out"

Intuition

with out awareness we use highly adaptive heuristics

Language

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute...

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

Words shape how people think (Our language determines the way we think)

Calculating someone's IQ score when given their age and their mental age

(mental age/ chronological age), x 100

Mental age

A chronological age that corresponds to someone's mental abilities/intelligence

Punishment

A guy quits gambling after losing a lot of money (Actions taken to decrease behavior, can either be positive or negative)