PSYC 104 (copy)

Naturalistic Observation

________: Watching behaviour in real world setting without trying to manipulate the situation.

Medulla

________: involved in basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

Magnetoencephalography

________: technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by brain.

Confirmation Bias

________: Tendency to seek out evidence that supports Our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contr idiots them.

Structuralism

________: school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience.

Thalamus

________: gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex.

Anandamide

________: plays role in eating, motivation, memory, and sleep.

Functionalism

________: School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purpose of psychological characteristics.

Pseudoscience

________: set of claims that sound scientific but are not.

Patternicity

________: Tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli.

Amygdala

________: part of the limbic system that modulates attention, perception, and memory based on our emotions.

Pseudo symmetry

________: Tendency to try to present 2 opposing sides Of an issue as though both sides were equally valid.

Logical fallacies

________: Traps in thinking that lead to mistaken conclusions.

Validity

________: Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure.

Primary sensory

________ Cortex: Regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process formation from the senses.

Glial cell

________: in nervous system that Plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood- brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, facilitates communication among neurons, and enhances learning & memory.

Phrenology

________: Attributed Physical qualities with personality and intellect.

Basal Ganglia

________: Structures in forebrain that help to control movement.

Experimenter expectancy

________ effect: Phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentional bias the outcome of a study.

positron emission tomography (PET)

_____: Imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose- like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain.

Hypothalamus

________: Part of brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state.

Parasympathetic

________ nervous system: division of the autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion.

Plasticity

________: Ability of nervous system to change.

Variability

________: measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are.

Pons

________: Part of brain stem that connects the cortex with cerebellum.

Receptor site

________: location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter.

Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

________ : Escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory will Use to protect it from falsification.

Lateralization

________: Cognitive function the relies more on one side of the brain than other.

Reuptake

________: Means of recycling neurotransmitter.

Midbrian

________: contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound.

Decline effect

________: Observation that the size of a certain psychological finding appears to be shrinking over time.

Limbic system

________: a network of regions involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory.

Sharpening

______: Tendency to exaggerate the gist or of the study.

Metaphysical Claim

________: Assertions about the world that are not testable.

refractory period

________: Time during which another action potential is impossible; limits the maximal firing ate.

Illusory Correlation

________: Perception Of Statistical association btw 2 variable where none exists.

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

________ : Recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull.

Reliability

________: consistency of a measurement.

Threshold of excitation

________: membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential.

Psychoanalysis

________: school of psychology founded by Freud Which focuses on internal psychological processes of which we 're unaware.

Hindbrain

________: Region below the midbrai that contains the cerebellum, Pons an medulla.

Empiricism

________: science begins with that knowledge should first be acquired through observations.

Computed Tomography (CT)

______: A scanning technique using multiple X- rays to construct three- dimensional images.

Introspection

________: method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences.

Acetylcholine

________: plays role in arousal.

Forebrain

________: Top part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities.

Monoamine

________: Neurotransmitters that 0h14 Contain one amino acid.

Interneurons

________: neuron that sends messages to other neurons.

Neuropeptides

________: Short strings of amino acids in the nervous system.

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports Our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contr idiots them

Belief perseverance

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Metaphysical Claim

Assertions about the world that are not testable

Naive Realism

Belief that we see the world as it really is

Pseudoscience

set of claims that sound scientific but are not

Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory will Use to protect it from falsification

Patternicity

Tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli

Terror Management Theory

theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews

Logical fallacies

Traps in thinking that lead to mistaken conclusions

Direct Harm

some paratices are directly harmful

scientific Skepticism

Approach Of evaluating all claims with an Open mind -but insisting on rsersvasive evidence before accepting them

Occam's Razor

if 2 explanations account equally well for a phenomenon we should generally select the simpler one

Decline effect

Observation that the size of a certain psychological finding appears to be shrinking over time

Introspection

method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

structuralism

school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience

Functionalism

School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purpose of psychological characteristics

Behaviourism

School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviours

Cognitive psychology

school Of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour

Cognitive neuroscience

Field of psychology that examines the relation between brain function, & thinking

Psychoanalysis

school of psychology founded by Freud Which focuses on internal psychological processes of which we're unaware

Evolutionary Psychology

Applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour

Basic research

examining how the mind works

Applied research

examining how we can use basic research to solve real world problems

Empiricism

science begins with that knowledge should first be acquired through observations

Gut hunches

Quick and reflexive type of thinking

Intuitive Analytical

slow & reflective thinking

Heuristic

mental shortcut or rule of thumb that help us streamline our thinking and make sense of our world

Reliability

consistency of a measurement

Validity

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

Naturalistic Observation

Watching behaviour in real world setting without trying to manipulate the situation

External Validity

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world setting

Existence Proof

Demonstration that a given psychological thenomenon can occur

Response sets

Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items

Correlational Design

Research design that examines the extent to which 2 variables are associated

Illusory Correlation

Perception Of Statistical association btw 2 variable where none exists

Operational definition

A working definition of what a researcher is measuring

Experimenter expectancy effect

Phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentional Dias the outcome of a study

Central Tendency

measure Of the "central" scores in a dataset, or where groups tend to cluster

Variability

measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are

Sharpening

Tendency to exaggerate the gist or central message of the study

Pseudo symmetry

Tendency to try to present 2 opposing sides Of an issue as though both sides were equally valid

Phrenology

Attributed Physical qualities with personality and intellect

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull

Computed Tomography (CT)

A scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain

functional MRI

MRI that visualizes changes in blood oxygen levels

Magnetoencephalography

technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by brain

Deep brain stimulation

technique in which electrodes and a battery source are implanted in brain to deliver electricity to specific brain areas

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to surface of skull that can either enhance or intercept brain function

Glial cell

in nervous system that Plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, facilitates communication among neurons, and enhances learning & memory