Ism’s Vocab

Nationalism

love of country… used to unify nations from Napoleon to Hitler

Fascism

totalitarian political system and a modified capitalist economic system …began with Mussolini in Italy in 1920's

Anarchism

1900-1930's…the push for no government and no laws

Nazism

Germany's version of Fascism… combined with extreme Nationalism

Protestanism

the dominant religious group in England, Germany, and the USA…begun in 16th C.

Chartism

was a working-class movement for political reform in Britian which existed from 1838 to 1858. Was a national protest movement. They put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage. Thus relying on constitutional methods to secure its aims.

Dadaism

a cultural movement that began in Zürich during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1920. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature (poetry, art manifestoes, art theory), theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.

Fabianism

British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of socialism via gradualist and reformist means. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonization of India and Singapore.

Romanticism

a reaction to early 19th C. lit., phil., and religion…against the excessive rationality and scientific narrowness of the Enlightenment…a reaction to Neoclassicism… humans can find a way to improve / save the world

Thomism

In philosophy, his diquted questions and commentaries on Aristotle are perhaps his most well known works. In theology, his Summa Theologica continues to be the central point of referance for the philosophy and theology of the Catholic Church.

Conservatism

support for the established order in the church and state …support for monarchies and landed aristocracy

Colonialism/Imperialism

the process of taking holdings from "inferior" peoples…the "White Man's Burden"

Communism

a totalitarian political system with a socialist economic system.  USSR, China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba

Realism

style of art and lit. that seeks to depict the physical world and human life with scientific objectivity and detached observation…a reaction to Romanticism …humans are imperfect

Deism

the concept that God created a world based on natural laws…a combo of religion and science to explain the world

Neoclassicalism

a return to themes and topics drawn from antiquity and the copying in painting, sculpture, and architecture

Isolationism

American foreign policy prior to World War II…based on Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

War Communism

economic policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War to seize the banks, heavy industry, railroads, and grain

Jansenism

a Christian theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace and predestination

Fundamentalism

belief that the Bible should be interpreted literally…revived in the late 19th / early 20th C. as a response to Freud and Darwin

Mercantilism

dominant economic theory of the 17th and 18th C…a country should export more than it imports…to do this it needs colonies

Totalitarianism

complete control of the gov't by a dictator or ruling group…Hitler, Stalin, etc…

Socialism

gov't control of business and economy…no competition, no profit, no classes…Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin

Surrealism

art form of the early 20th C. that breaks from realism to become incredibly unrealistic and often nonsensical.  Salvador Dali

Cubism

art form of the early 20th C.  That breaks from realism… Pablo Picasso's "Guernica", Georges Braque

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest applied to big business and society…usually combined with Rugged Individualism

Populism

the people should control the gov't…the representatives should trult represent the people, not the big businessmen

Absolutism

the king was in complete charge of all affairs of the state…perfected by Louis XIV (the Sun King) of France

Pointilism

impressionist art form where the artist creates art by using a series of points to create…Georges Seurat

Geocentrism

in astronomy, the Ptolemaic system, is a description of the cosmos where Earth is at the orbital center of the universe

Capitalism

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations, a free market economy based on Laissez Faire theory that the gov't should not interfere with business

Neolocalism

the practice of leaving home…usually combined with marrying late…began in 1700's

Positivism

Auguste Comte…science is the final, stage of human intellectual development because it involves no recorse to gods or spirits

Impressionism

art form of the late 19th C. featuring bright colors and the artist's interpretation of life / society.  Manet, Monet, Renoir, Degas

Humanism

study of the Latin and Greek classics…to promote a rebirth of anceint norms and values

Syndicalism

French labor movement that sought to improve workers' conditions through strikes

Syncretism

the intermingling of different religions to form an amalgam that contained elements from each

Pan-slavism

the movement to create a nation that would embrace all the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe

Mannerism

style of art in the late 16th C. that permitted the artist to express their own feelings…in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the High Ren. Period

Scholasticism

method of study based on logic and dialectic that dominated the medieval schools…associated with Aristotle

Liberalism

19th C., support for representative gov't dominated by the propertied classes and minimal gov't interference in the economy

Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham…the greatest good for the greatest number of people applied to the gov't, economy, and courts

Marxism

theory stating history is the result of class conflict…which will lead to the triumph of the proletariat over the bourgeoise

Existentialism

post WWII Western philosophy that holds that human beings are totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes them dread and anguish

Naturalism

the attempt to portray nature and human life without sentimentality

Puritanism

offshoot of the Anglican religion in England…wanted more clarity in the church

Zionism

the movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine

Federalism

the society should be controlled by the central government

Anti-semitism

prejudice against, hatred of, or descrimination against Jews as a national, ethnic, religious, or racial group

Modernism

movement in art and lit. in the late 19th early 20th C. to create new aesthetic forms and to evaluate the aesthic forms and to experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality accurately.

Monasticism (monkhood)

is a religious way if life in which one renounces worldly pursuites to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Catholic and Orthodox traditions.

Marxist Revisionism

the term is most often used by those who believed that such revisions are unwarranted and represent a "watering down" or abandonment of the philosophy

Utopian Socialism

Saint-Simon, Fourier, & Owen. Often described as the presentaion of outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction.

Plationism

indicates the doctrine of a theory. The central concept of the theory, a distinction essential to the theory of Forms, is the distinction between the reality which is perceptible but unintelligible, and the reality which is imperceptible but intelligible.

Feminism

movement aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal; political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women Charles Fourier is credited with having coined this

Calvinism

used to refer to particular views on salvation and predestination, which are summarized in part by the five points of the religion as a whole stresses the sovereignty or rule of god in all things - in salvation but also in all of life.

Lutheranism

advocates a doctrine of justification "by grace alone through faith alone on basis of Scripture alone" Beginning with the 95 Thesis, first published in 1517.

Anabaptism

are Christians of the Radical Reformation of 16th C. Europe. Although some consider the movement to be an offshoot of Protestantism others see it as a distinct movement. The Amish and Mennonotes are direct descendants.

Despotism

a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy.