APUSH Period 4 (1800-1848)

1st Political Party System

1790s, Washington Administration, Democratic Republicans vs. Federalists, Main issue: authority of federal government vs state government

2nd Political Party System

1830s, Jackson Administration, Democrats vs. Whigs, Main issue: size of the federal government vs. state governments

3rd Political Party System

1850s, Republicans vs Democrats, starts with bleeding KS

Federalists

Party of Hamilton and John Marshall - wanted to expand the power of the federal government over states. Pro tariff to protect big businesses, pro loose interpretation of constitution and pro-England.

Democratic Republicans

Party of TJ and James Madison, wanted stronger state than federal government, not a fan of tariffs (b/c it hurts farmers), strict interpretation of the federal government, Pro-France

"TJ at the HELM" (or "HELMS")

kept HAMILTON's Financial plan (minus the excise tax), EMBARGO act, LOUISIANA Purchase, MARBURY vs. Madison, Strict interpretation of constitution

Issues w/ BR that cause the War of 1812

Impressment, arming Native Americans, not abandoning their forts in the Ohio River Valley

War of 1812

US (& Native Americans) fight the British (and other native Americans) over impressment, BR arming Natives, and BR not leaving. Ends: T. of Ghent (nothing changes).

Results of the War of 1812

Nationalism, entering Era of Good Feelings, new war hero (AJ - yuck!)

Hartford Convention

1816, New England Federalists issue a list of demands and want out of the War of 1812. Makes the Federalists look really greedy and kills the party.

John Marshall

Federalist interested in expanding the power of the federal government over states. Marbury vs. Madison, McCulloch vs. Maryland, Gibbons vs. Ogden, Worcester vs. GA

Marbury vs. Madison

Resulted from midnight appointments - Marshall struck down the act saying the S. Ct. can make the Sec of State deliver the appointment. SIGNIFICANCE: GAVE THE SUPREME COURT THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to declare a law un-Constitutional. Power confirmed in the case of Marbury vs. Madison (Marshall Court)

McCulloch vs Maryland

The state of MD was trying to tax a federal bank, SC said it couldn't b/c "the power to tax is the power to destroy." 2 big significant things: 1) supremacy of federal government over state 2) Ct. upheld the legality of use of elastic clause to establish the BUS.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Steamboat Case - the Supreme Court under John Marshall said the Federal government is superior to state government because a federal license trumps a state one.

America System

Monroe Administration, part of the Era of Good Feelings - BIT (Rechartering the BANK of America, federal funding for INFRASTUCTURE improvements, protective TARRIFS). Henry Clay's economic plan for the US.

BIT

Acronym for the America System - increasing federal power - Rechartering the BANK of America, federal funding for INFRASTUCTURE improvements, protective TARRIFS. Very similar to Hamilton’s BEFAT and Lincoln’s economic plan.

Andrew Jackson

President who did the War with Banks, Indian Removal, Tariff Crisis, Clay formed the Whig party in opposition to him and he had the Spoils System (where he hires his friends) (sigh.....)

Why was Andrew Jackson "the common man president?"

He was elected by more common men b/c more people could vote in the election of 1828 due to lower property requirements.

Jacksonian Democrats

stand for common man (as long as he's white), hostile to banks and federal power (usually) as well as Henry Clay and his America system - pro slave and states' rights, usually.

Bank War

AJ believed the bank only served the interests of the wealthy, so to kill it he withdrew all federal funds and placing them in smaller state banks (pet banks). Caused a major panic - THIS WAS THE PRIMARY REASON FOR HENRY CLAY FORMING THE WHIG PARTY.

Whig Party

Part of the 2nd party system, formed by Clay & Webster primarily in response to the Bank War. Wanted a Bank of the US, Protective Tariffs, and federal funding for internal improvements (basically the same as Clay's America system)

1840 Election

Whigs use Democrat "common man" strategy to get William Henry Harrison elected - "log cabin and hard cider" campaign to show he was just like the common man. neumonia.

Era of Good Feelings

Prosperity & Nationalism after the War of 1812 (MONROE ADMINISTRATION). Monroe Doctrine, Missouri Compromise, America System

Missouri Compromise

1820 - Part of the Era of Good Feelings. Henry Clay's thing where Missouri joined the union as a slave state and was paired with Maine (which entered as a free state). Also, no slavery north of the 36, 30 parallel.

Tariff Crisis

1832, Almost a Civil War, Andrew Jackson administration, John C. Calhoun (AJ's VP) calls the protective tariff "a tariff of abominations," quits the vice presidency, and urges South Carolina to nullify the tariff and secede if AJ makes them pay. AJ moved in troops to force them to pay (Force Bill). Almost a civil war until Henry Clay came up with a compromise tariff.

South Carolina Exposition

Written anonymously by John C. Calhoun - advocated nullification the Tariff of 1832 and secession if necessary. Strong statement for states' rights.

2nd Great Awakening

Religious Revival based on "the democratization of religion" (more people can be saved). SIGNIFICANCE: (1) reform movements spin off of this idea (abolition, temperance, women's rights, education, mental health reform, etc.), (2) more female involvement

Utopian Societies

small societies that tried to set up a perfect community. EX: Shakers, Oneida Community, Brook Farm.

Hudson River School of Art

1820s, Nationalism through art. Using European techniques (most of the artists were trained in Europe) but American subject matter (usually some kind of landscape or valley in NY).

Transcendentalism

1830s & 1840s. Philosophical movement that said each person has a direct relationship and communication with God, so you didn't really need churches. Promoted emotion, individualism, reliance, yadda yadda. EX: Emmerson & Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau

Example of transcendentalist, wrote "On Civil Disobedience" b/c he refused to pay taxes to support the Mex-Am War. Believed in protest by not obeying a law.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1832 South Carolina slave rebellion. Result: scared southerners (which may explain why they reacted so badly to the tariff crisis) and caused stricter slave codes.

William Lloyd Garrison

RADICAL white abolitionist, "immediate emancipation without compensation" to the slave owners. Called the Constitution a "league with the devil" and a "covenant with hell" because it condoned slavery. Editor of The Liberator, very very extra.

Frederick Douglass

Formers slave and editor of The North Star. At first worked with Garrison, but split with him over the use of violence.

Temperance Movement

Idea that alcohol was detrimental to work and family life. EX: Neil Dow & the Maine Law, the Children's "Cold Water Army."

Public School Reform

Horace Mann's idea that education should be free and funded by the state and teachers should be educated (nah).

Asylum Reform

Championed by Dorthea Dix in Maine. Covered mental asylums and prisons.

American Colonization Society

established under Monroe to end slavery by returning slaves back to Africa - founded Liberia it's capital after the president of the society, James Monroe

Cult of Domesticity

Women's value lies solely in their role as wives and mothers, - this is what they were reacting against in the Seneca Falls

Seneca Falls Convention

Meeting to discuss and publicly discuss women's rights. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Declaration of Sentiments

Presented at the Seneca Falls Convention, basically took Declaration of Independence and put "and women." Argued for women's right to be represented in government (vote).

First Industrial Revolution

1790s- 1850s, Textiles, Railroads, Iron, Coal (TRIC)

Market Revolution

Broadening of who you can sell goods to because of railroads and canals. Part of the movement away from subsistence farming to a commercial economy. SIGNIFICANCE: (1) sectionalism (south doesn't benefit as much), (2) more women in the workforce, (3) more middle class and social mobility.

Samuel Slater

Dude who smuggled blueprints of a textile mill IN HIS DANG HEAD and made the first factory in America. Consolidated production equipment and workers in one roof.

Lowell Mill

1820sish until about 1840ish - Textile mill where the workers (mostly female) actually lived on the premises of the mill. Mill gave them food and clothing and money. Worked well until New Immigrants came and were willing to work longer for less.

Inventions of early 19th century that increased production

cotton gin, interchangeable parts, telegraph

Cotton Gin

machine that cleaned cotton faster - necessary due to increased need for cotton due to the industrial revolution of the north needing raw materials for textile factories - resulted in increased use of slavery and single cash crop economy in the south.

Interchangeable parts

Created by Eli Whitney, revolutionized industrial production by increasing efficiency through standardizing parts.

Erie Canal

Connected western farmers with eastern markets by linking the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Caused the growth of New York City. Caused sectionalism b/c the West and North were linked, but the south was not.

National Road

first road built with entirely federal funds, significance: road open to all people and opened up many new trade routes and a way to get to other states - helpful in creating a national economy

Oberlin College

College for clergy that was pointed toward reform. First college to admit women and African Americans.

Louisiana Purchase

TJ abandoned his strict construction to buy this land from Napoleon since the French needed quick cash after their loss of Haiti. Doubled the size of the US.

Corps of Discovery

TJ sent Lewis and Clark (and guide Sacajawea) to explore the Louisiana Purchase area. They mainly focused on the flora and fauna of the west.

Indian Removal Act

AJ sent in federal troops to move the Native Americans to "protected territory" (Oklahoma). The government promised that territory west of the Mississippi would be theirs forever.

Worcester vs. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case where Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were an independent nation and couldn't be removed. AJ told Georgia to do it anyway - "John Marshall has made his decision, now let HIM enforce it!"

Trail of Tears

1838-9, Martin Van Buren (continuing Jackson's policies) ordered the army to remove the Cherokees to Oklahoma in the middle of winter. Many died.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Done by Sec of State John Quincy Adams, stated we would oppose any European country if they took any more colonies in the western hemisphere. Didn’t get military backing until TR.

Rush Bagot Agreement

1817, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams fixed the national boundary on the Great Lakes

Adams Onis Treaty

1819, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the US got Florida from Spain (which, conveniently, AJ had already invaded) and we fixed the boundary between Spanish Mexico and the US.

Tecumseh & Prophet

During the War of 1812, these Shawnee tried to make a Native American confederation to defeat the White Men. Armed by the British. Easily defeated by Federal troops.

Conscience Whigs

Group opposed the annexation of Texas and the Mexican American war because it would expand slavery, which they were very much against. (HINT: Lincoln was one of these before he was a Republican)

Talmadge Amendment

Addition to the Missouri Compromise that would gradually phase out slavery in Missouri. It didn't pass, but it made southerners even more scared that someone would take away their slaves.

"Positive Good" thesis

popular view of slavery in the south - from necessary evil to positive good, by guys like George Fitzhugh, who said it was better than factory work in the north. Largely spurned by the Cotton Gin in 1790s