AD 150 Quiz 1

Cornea

The clear outer covering of the eye.

Iris

The colored muscle that enlarges and contracts to control the amount of light entering the eye.

Lens

The part of the eye that focuses and bends light so that it reaches the correct spot on the retina.

Retina

The back of the eye that contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that receive light.

Rods

Photoreceptors in the retina that are responsible for vision in dim light conditions and have lower acuity and temporal resolution than cones.

Cones

Photoreceptors in the retina that are responsible for day vision, color vision, and have higher acuity and temporal resolution than rods.

S-Cones

wavelength sensitive cones that are most sensitive to blue light

M-Cones

wavelength sensitive cones that are most sensitive to green light

L-Cones

wavelength sensitive cones that are most sensitive to red light

Trichromat

A person with regular vision that uses all three color pigments (red, green, blue).

Protanomaly

A type of anomalous trichromat vision where red sensitivity is reduced.

Deuteranomaly

A type of anomalous trichromat vision where green sensitivity is reduced.

Tritanomaly

A type of anomalous trichromat vision where blue sensitivity is reduced.

Dichromat

A person with vision that uses only 2 of the 3 visual pigments (red, green, or blue).

Protanopia

A type of dichromat vision where red cannot be received.

Deuteranopia

A type of dichromat vision where green cannot be received.

Tritanopia

A type of dichromat vision where blue cannot be received.

Achromatopsia

A person with monochromatic vision that can only see one color or grayscale.

Point

A specific element or focal point in a composition.

Line

An actual or implied element in a composition.

Plane

A two-dimensional element or an element that implies two-dimensionality within a composition.

Volume

Fully three-dimensional objects in a composition.

Symmetry

A balanced arrangement of elements.

Asymmetry

An unbalanced arrangement of elements.

Axial Symmetry

Symmetry where whatever happens on one side of the line or axis, happens on the other.

Biaxial Symmetry

Symmetry that occurs both horizontally and vertically.

Translational or Linear Symmetry

Repetition of an element or object along a line.

Axial Balance

Approximate symmetry where the two sides may be different in form but sufficiently similar to make the axis positively felt.

Occult Balance

Balanced asymmetry that controls opposing attractions through a felt equality between the parts of the field.

Formal Factors

Elements such as shape, size, position, direction, interval, and attitude in a composition.

Rhythm

The repetition of elements in a composition

Fibonacci Sequence

A sequence of numbers (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...) that can be used to generate a proportioning system.

Law of Thirds

The rule of dividing a rectangle or square into thirds vertically and horizontally, with the four intersecting points being the points of optimal focus.

Goethe's Color Triangle

A color triangle that arranges three primary colors at the vertices and places secondary colors in between the two primaries that are mixed to form them.

Chroma

A synonym for hue and color, also used to describe the relative presence of hue in a sample.

Hue

The name of a color, such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or violet.

Hue Intensity

The saturation or purity of a color, its vivid versus dull quality.

Intensity

The strength of a hue, sometimes used as a synonym for brilliance.

Maximum Chroma

The strongest possible manifestation of a hue.

Monochromatic

Containing only one hue.

Saturation

The degree of purity of a color, its hue intensity or vivid quality.

Saturated Color

The most intense manifestation of a color, undiluted by black, white, or gray.

Tone

A nonspecific word referring to some change in hue, often used to mean a graying or reduction in saturation.

Value

The relative light and dark of a color, with or without the presence of hue.

Pigment

The ground, powdered substance that provides color in a paint or dye.

Organic Pigment

Pigments derived from compounds containing carbon, typically from living matter.

Inorganic Pigment

Pigments derived from earth materials and minerals or metals.

Paint

Pigment suspended in liquid that forms a layer on a surface.

Dye

Pigment dissolved in liquid that is absorbed into a surface.

Subtractive Color Mixing

The mixing of red, blue, and yellow (the artist's primaries) to form orange, green, and violet (the secondaries), with all three mixed resulting in near-black.

Additive Color Mixing

The mixing of red, green, and blue (the light primaries) to form cyan, magenta, and yellow (the secondaries), with all three mixed resulting in white light.

Process Color Mixing

The mixing of cyan, magenta, and yellow (the process primaries) to form red, blue, and green (the secondaries), with all three mixed resulting in a dull, dark gray.

Warm Colors

Colors that contain red and appear to advance.

Cool Colors

Colors that contain blue or green and appear to recede.

Color Index

A classification system that categorizes pigments by their chemical composition.

Staining

The process of pigment adhering strongly to a surface, making it difficult to remove.

Lifting

The process of removing pigment from a surface.

Spreading, Blossoming

The tendency of some colors to spread and creep along a damp surface when placed on a wet surface.

Settling

The tendency of some colors to settle wherever they are placed on a damp surface.

Soft edges

Creating smooth and blended transitions between colors or shapes in a painting.

Round brush

A type of brush used for creating various marks and details in watercolor painting.

Flat brush

A brush used for creating lines of different thicknesses in watercolor painting.

Hake brush

A large brush used for creating large washes in watercolor painting.

Fan brush

A brush used for blending colors in watercolor painting.

Synthetic brushes

Brushes that have good control but do not hold much liquid

Sable brushes

High-quality brushes known for their ability to hold a lot of liquid and come to a fine point.

Washes

A fundamental technique in watercolor painting, where the paint is applied in a thin, transparent layer.

Brushstrokes

Different marks and strokes made with a brush, used to create texture and define shapes in a painting.

Raster imaging

A type of digital image created using dots or pixels, without any "intelligence" associated with the image.

Raster image - Painting

Creating flat drawings or two-dimensional work using raster imaging.

Resolution dependent

The quality and level of detail in a raster image is dependent on its resolution.

Vector

A type of digital image created using mathematical equations, allowing for scalability without loss of quality.

Native file formats

File formats specific to a particular software application, which preserve layer information and take advantage of application-specific features

Interpolation

A software solution to increase the resolution of a scan by scanning at up to four times the built-in optical resolution and filling in missing pixels by averaging.

Histogram

A graphic display, often a bar graph, showing the frequency of occurrence of different categories.

Formal Analysis

A method of analyzing paintings that considers elements such as color palette, range of values, brush strokes, foreground, vanishing points, communication of emotion, description of space, spatial organization, geometry, literal vs. symbolic depictions, title, artist, location, owner(s), size, and medium/media.