Yr 10 - Movement Analysis

Covers: biomechanics levers, applying knowledge of levers to sporting actions, movement terminology, body planes and axe, how the human machine causes movement, muscle structure and slow and fast twitch muscle fibres

Name the 14 types of synovial joint movements

1. flexion and extension

2. adduction and abduction

3. circumduction and rotation

4. supination and pronation

5. depression and elevation

6. inversion and eversion

7. plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

Define adduction

movement towards the body’s midline

define abduction

movement away from the body’s midline

define flexion

decrease the angle of a joint

define extension

increase the angle of a joint

define pronation

palms down

define supination

palms up

define elevation

movement upwards/superiorly

define depression

movement downwards/inferiorly

define rotation

turning a structure around it’s long axis

define circumduction

circular motion

define eversion

moving ankle outward

define inversion

moving ankle inward

define plantar flexion

depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

define dorsi flexion

pulling the toes up to the shin

What are the 8 locations for the location of the body?

1. Superior & inferior

2. Medial & lateral

3. Posterior & anterior

4. Proximal & distal

Define proximal and distal

proximal: towards the origin of limb

distal: further away from the origin of limb

Define medial and lateral

medial: towards the midline of body

lateral: away from the midline

define superior and inferiror

superior: above or nearer the head

inferior: below or further away from the head

define anterior and posterior

anterior: towards the front of the body

posterior: towards the back of the body

What are the 3 planes of the body

1) Sagittal (cuts the body left to right)

2) Frontal (cuts the body from the back)

3) Traverse (cuts the body from top to bottom)

→ planes cut the body in centre of gravity

What are the muscle contractions:

1. Isotonic - muscle length changes

1) Concentric - muscle shortens

2) Eccentric - muscle lengthens

2. Isometric - muscle length stays the same

Define antagonistic pair/reciprocal inhibition

2 muscles that work with each other to facilitate movement

Agonist is the prime mover, responsible for the movement (contracts)

Agonistic muscle opposes the movement (relaxes).

Define scalar

Measurement with only 1 size (length, volume, area, mass)

Define vector

Measurement that includes both size and direction (acceleration, velocity, momentum)

Define distance

How far an object travels (scalar)

Define force

Mass x acceration (vector)

Define speed

distance moved per unit of time (vector)

Define velocity

speed in a given direction (vector)

Define displacement

the change of postion of object (diff of SP and EP) (vector)

Define acceleration

rate body changes it’s velocity (vector)

Define momentum

measure amount of motion possessed by a moving body (vector)

mass x velocity

Define impulse

• product of the force applied to an object or body, and the duration it is applied for

• force x time (vector)

In a lever class, what is the lever, fulcrum, load and effort

Lever: bone

Fulcrum: joint

Load: force applied to the body (such as body weight or dumbbell)

Effort: muscles that moves the force

First lever class

• Fulcrum between force and effort

• force: fulcrum: effort

  such as: tilting the head up

second lever class

• load between the fulcrum and effort

• fulcrum: load: effort

  such as: lifting the heel (plantar flexion)

• overcome resistance better than generating speed

third lever class

• effort in the middle

• fulcrum: effort: load

  such as: bicep curl

• most common

• increase speed and full range of movement

What is mechanical advantage?

• ratio of input:output of force

• if input force creates greater output force there is MA

What are the 3 factors that impact projectile motion?

1) Height of release (higher the more distance - more time spent in air)

2) Angle of release (optimal angle usually 45)

3) Speed of release (how fast object is released (muscle force))

What are the factors that impact projectile movement during motion/flight?

1) gravity - decreases height

2) spin - change height, direction (move to least air pressure)

3) air resistance - affect by SA, type, speed and mass of ball

What is articular cartilage?

• thin white layer of cartilage around the end of bones

  1. reduce friction to protect bones

  2. absorb shock

  3. limits movement for structural support

What is synovial fluid?

• liquid coats and lubricates articular cartilage

• prevents friction of the articular cartilage during movement

What is articular capsule?

2 structures

1. Outer: Fibrous capsule - help support and prevent joint separating

2. Inner: Synovial membrane - secrete synovial fluid to reduce friction

what is meniscus?

• semilunar discs between some articulating bones

• allow bones to fit together tightly

• provide cushioning for joint

What is bursae?

• small fluid-filled sac

• prevents friction

Origin of muscle

attachment of muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Insertion of muscle

attachment of muscle tendon to a moveable bone

What is epimysium?

connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle (protects from friction against other muscles and bones)

What is perimysium?

branching connective tissue within muscle tissue

What is endomysium?

thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre

What is myofibril?

cylindrical structure within a muscle cell that has repeating segments of sarcomere

what is myofilaments?

inside the sarcomere → contract the muscle

thick = myosin

thin = actin

what are the types of synovial joints? (6)

1. gliding

2. pivot

3. hinge

4. condyloid

5. saddle

6. ball and socket

Gliding

• Mono-axial

• gliding movement

location: tarsals and carpals

Hinge

• Mono-axial

• extension & flexion

location: knee and elbow (ulna to humerus)

Pivot

• mono-axial

• rotation

location: neck - vertebrae (C1-2)

Saddle

• bi-axial

• extension/flexion, adduction/abduction, circumduction

location: thumb (metacarpals and carpals)

Condyloid

• bi-axial

• extension/flexion, adduction/abduction, circumduction

location: wrist (radius to carpals) and hand (metacarpals to phalanges)

Ball and Socket

• tri-axial (all movements)

• extension/flexion, adduction/abduction, circumduction/rotation

Location: shoulder and hip

What is the appendicular and axial skeleton?

1) Axial - bones close to the midline

1. Cranium

2. Sternum

3. Vertebrae (include sacrum and coccyx)

4. Rib cage

2) Appendicular - bones that attach to the axial skeleton (more lateral)

1. Pelvic girdle (illum and ischium)

2. Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)

3. Humerus, ulna, radius

4. Femur, tibia, fibula

5. carpal + tarsal group

Draw the illum and ischium location

Hand structure (bone)

carpals → metacarpals → phalanges

tarsals → metatarsals → Phalanges

What are the 3 types of muscles?

1. Smooth (involuntary)

   → located in walls of hollow internal organs + intestines

2. Skeletal (voluntary)

   → attached to bones/other connective tissue

3. Cardiac (involuntary)

   → located in heart

Antagonistic pair of the knee/legs

1. Quadriceps (agonist when extending)

2. Hamstrings (agonist when flexing)

Antagonistic pair of the arm

1. Bicep brachii (agonist when flexing)

2. Tricep brachii (agonist when extending)

Antagonistic pair of the shoulder (adduction + abduction)

1. Deltoid (agonist when abduction)

2. pectoralis major (agonist when adduction)

Antagonistic pair of the shoulder (pulling shoulder blades back and forward)

1. trapezius and latissimus dorsi (shoulder posteriorly/behind)

2. pectoralis major (bringing it back)

Antagonistic pair of the chest

Shrugging (up)

1. Trapezius (agonist)

2. levator scapulae (antagonist)

what is linear and angular motion?

1) linear - movement straight line

2) angular - movement around a joint or axis of rotation

Define projectile motion

object that is thrown or projected into the air at an angle

define trajectory/flight path

a projectile’s path (curved)