Hormones of the endocrine system.

Estrogen

controls development of female secondary sexual characteristics; secreted from the ovaries

adrenaline (epinephrine)

released by adrenal medulla in response to critical stress; ;flight or fight; dialates pupils, increases blood pressure and oxygen levels.

insulin(BETA CELLS)

lowers blood glucose; instructs liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose and store it as glycogen.

Glucagon (ALPHA CELL)

increases blood glucose levels; instructs liver and muscle cells to convert glycogen to glucose.

Testosterone

responsible for secondary sex characteristics; in men facial hair, deepened voice.

Hormone

a chemical messenger; secreted by glands directly into the bloodstream; travels round the body dissolved in blood plasma

target organ/cells

contains receptors on its cells allowing the hormone to bind to the cell membrane and deliver its instructional message

endocrine gland

ductless glands, secreting hormones directly into the blood vessels that pass through the gland

Steroid hormone

A lipid-soluble hormone which brings about a change by binding directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or on the nucleus, bringing about a transcriptional change

Non-steroid/Peptide hormone

A hydrophilic hormone which binds to a receptor on the cell surface membrane and brings about a transcriptional change via second messengers

Pancreas

Gland in the abdomen which produces insulin and glucagon

Pineal gland

Gland in the brain which produces melatonin

Pituitary gland

Gland in the brain responsible for regulating the endocrine system; releases ADH, growth hormone and gonadotrophins

Leptin

suppresses appetite; stimulates increased energy expenditure. secreted by adipocytes

Calcitonin

Decreases the amount of calcium in the blood;osteoblast

Parathyroid

Increases calcium levels in the blood.

ADH

Stops Urine production and reabsorbs water.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary's secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones like FSH and LH

CTRH

Lutenizing (LH)

Stimulates ovulation; testosterone synthesis

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

released by hypothalamus; stimulates release of ACTH

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL)

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

stimulates release of growth hormone

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

a hormone that influences the maturing of eggs and production of sperm

LH (luteinizing hormone)

a hormone that causes the secretion of sex hormones by the testes and ovaries

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, stops urine production

Thymosin

stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Thymus

thymosin

growth hormone

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones/muscles

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts

Aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water; higher blood pressure.

Relaxin

a hormone secreted by the placenta that causes the cervix to dilate and prepares the uterus for the action of oxytocin during labor.

Inhibin

inhibits secretion of FSH

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that causes sleepiness.

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin

Serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Gigantism

a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life

diabetes mellitus

hyposecretion of insulin or tissues are resistant to its effects.

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone's cortisol or aldosterone

Cushing's disease

Hypersecretion of cortisol; weight gain in belly and face.

Graves disease

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by bulging eyeballs, tremors, high heartrate, palpitations, and nervousness.

Drawfism

Short stature caused by deficient levels of growth hormones. Caused by hypopituitarism