Studied by 6 people
The overall positive or negative quality of an emotion is referred to as the _____.
valence
Dallas and Bill are really good friends. They are able to communicate with each other using only gestures and facial expressions, which are forms of ______.
nonverbal communication
Tamara has been experiencing a lot of sad events lately. Which theory suggests that she should relieve her emotions by crying?
catharsis
Desiree heard a really loud noise. She quickly looked around and determined that the loud noise must have been thunder. She felt nervous and afraid, so she went to seek out shelter from the storm. Which theory best explains Desiree's experience?
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory
Although humans use the whole body to express emotions, they pay particular attention to the ____.
eyes
Marilyn and Carolyn are laughing because Marilyn's office photo looks so much different from her candid smile. Carolyn explained to her that posed smiles and candid smiles are controlled in different areas of the brain, with candid smiles being controlled by _____.
a subcortical system
The idea that emotions have a strong biological basis is supported by the observation that _____.
infants who are blind from birth still develop smiling at the same developmental time
Tonya is in a large group when she smells an extraordinarily unpleasant odor. Her facial expression is likely to _____.
be more intense than it would have been if she were alone
KlĆ¼ver and Bucy found that bilateral damage to which structure produces reduced emotionality?
amygdala
Which structure contributes to the more conscious, cognitive appraisals of threat?
anterior cingulate cortex
Instead of being upset that her ex was attending the same party, Bernadette realized that she was happier now that the relationship was over. What method of emotion regulation did Bernadette use?
reappraisal
The Theory of the Mind (TOM) engages which network?
medial prefrontal cortex
Nerissa was with some friends walking through a scary, haunted house. At one point, a clown jumped out from behind a wall to startle everyone. Although she isn't normally violent, Nerissa screamed and tried to kick the clown. This form of aggression would be labeled as ______.
hot
What can be predicted for an individual who possesses the āaggressive alleleā for MAOA?
The individualās tendency to violence cannot be predicted.
Normally, which area of the brain acts to inhibit the actions of the hypothalamus and other subcortical regions in response to provocation?
cerebral cortex
_____contributes to violence by reducing the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the cingulate and frontal cortices.
alcohol
Joseph has been caring for his aging parents for many years now. Although he remains willing to help, he finds himself very stressed and has been getting sick a lot. He also feels like he has little energy, especially compared to how he used to be a year ago. Psychologists would likely say that Joseph has reached which stage of the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) model?
exhaustion
Jason is taking a walk when he comes across a very scary snake. As a result of the danger, his hypothalamus activates both the ____.
sympathetic adrenal-medullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Claudia was a victim of abuse as a child and now has a hard time handling stress as an adult. As a result of her childhood, her hippocampus likely has fewer than average ______.
glucocorticoid receptors
A product manager was quick to judge new employees on their appearance. After several trainings, the manager learned to recognize their biased reaction. Their heightened awareness results in part from the activation of which structure?
anterior cingulate cortex
Which zeitgeber is the most potent for humans?
light
Michael works the graveyard shift, from 10 at night to 6 in the morning. As a result, he ____.
may continue to get less sleep even after years on the job
Vanna has been traveling extensively across the world for several months, sometimes traveling long distances east and other times west. She finds that she is struggling to adjust to the changes in time zones. What structure in her brain is responsible for setting her internal master clock?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What mechanism allows the brain's master clock to tell time?
Oscillation of protein production and degradation
When Hana wakes up in the morning, her levels of which substance are usually higher than they are when she goes to bed at night?
cortisol
Lorene has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern. Which of the following is likely part of the reason Lorene is experiencing this issue?
Serotonin levels naturally drop in the fall and winter.
Patrick is being monitored using an EEG. The readings show elevated levels of synchronous activity, which would indicate that Patrick is ______.
in deep sleep
Dr. Pruden can tell that her patient, who is being monitored with an EEG, has entered Stage 2 NREM sleep because of _______.
the presence of both sleep spindles and K-complexes
When is the locus coeruleus most active?
When a person is alert and vigilant
Carlota is sitting in her room daydreaming. She likely has activity in the _____.
DMN
Preoptic area cells are often referred to as _____.
NREM-on cells
Which substance, released by the pons and basal forebrain, is associated with both waking and REM sleep?
acetylcholine
Patty wants to stay up late to study, so she consumes a large amount of caffeine. Caffeine helps her stay awake by ______.
blocking the receptors for adenosine
Which observation is consistent with the idea that one of the functions of sleep is to prune and maintain newly formed synapses?
Infants spend more time in REM sleep than do adults.
Elderly adults may produce less melatonin because of _____.
calcification of the pineal
Lorena decides to sleep before her neurobiology final exam rather than to stay up all night and review the material one more time. What effect will sleep have on her memory?
Her memories from studying during the quarter will be reorganized and consolidated.
Isaac went for a prolonged period without REM sleep. When he was finally able to sleep normally, he experienced ______.
REM rebound
Melda can fall asleep fairly easily at night. However, she often wakes up around 2 in the morning and cannot get back to sleep. Her doctor might diagnose her with _____.
maintenance insomnia
Narcolepsy results from disruptions in the synthesis of or receptors for ______.
Orexin
Myron's partner is worried because he has been "acting out his dreams" and sometimes thrashes about violently, hurting himself and damaging objects. Myron may have _____.
REM sleep behavior disorder
an example of an infradian rhythm is
menstrual cycle
you are trying to explain the concept of entrainment to another person. Entrainment is best explained as ____.
resetting of internal biological clocks
as discussed in class, data indicate there there is an increase in _____ in the week following daylight savings time in the ____.
heart attacks; spring
the master clock regulates all of the following functions EXCEPT
muscle function
Samantha wants to be able to have good quality sleep. Therefore, she wants to have high levels of melatonin in the _____ and high levels of cortisol in the _____.
early morning (4am); late morning (9am)
______ spend the greatest percentage of sleep in REM
infants
Note 
Flashcard (41)