Climate
The general weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
What factors determine climate?
Air, water, temperature, precipitation, and humidity are the largest factors determine climate
Latitude
Bodies of Water
Height in Atmosphere
Mountains
Rain shadow
Vegetation
Human Development
Heat Islands
Latitude
Latitudes closer to the equators receive more direct sunlight concentrating the Sun’s energy. Latitudes closer to the poles receive less direct, less concentrated sunlight
Bodies of Water
Lakes and oceans moderate nearby land warming it in winter and cooling in summer
Height in Atmosphere
The air temperature decreases 3.6 for every 1000 ft above sea level
If heat rises, why is the atmosphere colder higher up?
Air that is less dense can hold less heat, and air that is further from Earth’s surface is heated less by Earth’s surface.
Mountains
Mountain ranges can act as barriers to both precipitation and cold air
Rain Shadow
A desert area formed when mountain ranges block precipitation
Vegetation
Plants found in a particular area or habitat
Human Development
The concrete and lack of plants in some cities raises their temps.
Heat Islands
Increases in city temperatures due to heat absorbing concrete and lack of vegetation
Arid
And area with less than 500 mm of precipitation a year
Semi Arid
An area with 500 mm to 750 mm of precipitation a year
Subarid
An area with 750 mm to 1000 mm of precipitation a year
Humid
Area with more than 1000 mm of precipitation a year
Polar
An area that is covered with ice most of the year
Subpolar
An area with cold freezing winters, and short, cool summers
Subtropical
An area with hot, humid summers, and mild winters
Tropical
An area with hot temperatures all year - round
Desert
Land dominated by rocky or sandy surfaces with shrubs, cacti and rarely trees
Grassland
Land dominated by grasses rather than large shrubs or trees
Deciduous Forest
Land dominated by trees that lose their leaves annually
Coniferous Forest
Land dominated by trees with needle leaves and cones
Rain Forest
Land dominated by a canopy of large trees with plant layers underneath
Ice Age or Glacier
Any geologic period during which thick ice sheets cover vast areas of land
Interglacial
A period milder, warmer climate that occurs between two glacial periods
How do we know about ice ages?
Because we have studied the ice cores, fossils, and landforms.
Ice Core
Cylinders of ice drilled from ice sheet and glaciers used to study Earth’s air and water in the past
Milankovitch Cycle
Natural changes in Earth’s climate that repeat around every 100,000 years as a result of changes in geometry between the Sun and Earth
What can cause an ice age?
When the distance between the Sun and Earth reaches its maximum occurs at the same time Earth is tilted farther away from the Sun so it received less direct sunlight and it causes an ice age
Feedback Loop
Any situation where the results of a process increase or decrease the process in the future
How does the Milankovitch cycle involve feedback loop that warms Earth?
The Milankovitch cycle doesn’t warm or cool the Earth, but it triggers several consequences that will increase / decrease the Earth’s warming or cooling
What are the consequences of the Milankovitch cycle?
Melted glacier, sea ice and snow - reduced sunlight reflect by Earth - causing the Earth to warm
Warming on Earth increases the humidity - which warms Earth even further - Greenhouse Effect
Permafrost melting releases methane and CO2 - which warms the Earth more - Greenhouse Effect
Warm ocean water releases stored CO2 - warms the Earth - Greenhouse Effect
Climatograph
A display of the temp and prec over 1 year for a specific location
What are the parts of the climatograph:
Bottom or horizontal - letters of each of the 12 months
Vertical sides - temp and prec
Line graph - average monthly temp
Bar graph - average monthly prec
Koppen Climate Classification
A system classifying Earth’s climates into 6 categories based on prec and temp
El Nino
A climate pattern involving the usual warming of surface waters in Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
La Nina
A climate pattern involving the unusual cooling of surface water in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
Global Warming
The rise in global temp due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
Climate Change
Long - term shifts in temps and weather patterns on Earth overtime that can happen naturally and through the effects of human activities
Anthropogenic Climate Change
Changes in Earth’s climate as a result of human activities