Biology Test 1

Isomers

Same chemical formula different arrangement of atoms

Structural Isomers

Different covalent arrangement of atoms

Cis-Trans Isomers

Have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond

Cis - same side

Trans - diff sides

Enantiomers

molecules that share the same chemical formula and bonds but different 3D placement of atoms. Mirror images. Right Hand Left hand.

Hydroxyl

—OH or (HO—)

Polar and is able to form hydrogen bonds with water making it easy for the compound to dissolve in water. The defining group seen in alcohols.

Carbonyl

C==O

Ketone: in between molecule

Aldehyde: at the ends

Very Polar

In Sugars

Carboxyl

—COOH

Carbonyl + Hydroxyl

ACID - releases H⁺ions

Seen in all Amino Acids

Polar

Amino Group

—NH₂

Weak Base, Accepts H ions

Polar

Sulfhydryl

—SH

Important in protein structure, stabilizes it

neither polar/nonpolar

in some amino acids

Phosphate Group

—OPO₃^-2

Polar

In DNA structure

negative charge

Methyl Group

—CH₃

Non reactive

Seen in DNA gene regulation

Nonpolar