INFO123 Exam

What are the Five Forces in the Porter's 5 Forces Model?

Buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing competitors

Porter's Generic Model

Broad market or focused strategy (narrow market) focusing on cost leadership or differentiation or certain focused strategy.

Value Chain Model

Firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development, procurement. And then inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and customer service.

The Triple Constraints

Scope (functional requirements), time (deadline) and costs (budget/expense)

The System's Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Planning, anaylsis, design, development, testing, implementation, maintenance.

Who are involved in IS development?

System/Buisness analyst, users, managers, vendor/suppliers, programmers, technical specialists

Primary Project Planning (SMART)

Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevent, Time-Bound

System Development Project Manager Techniques

Draw up project plan, then balance the triple constraints, then manage the soft issues

What are the soft issues of project planning?

Managing people, communications and change.

System Development Methodologies

waterfall, agile, rapid application development, extreme programming, rational unified process, scrum

Explain Waterfall and what is it most ideal for?

A sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next. its ideal for projects with clear, unchanging requirements and a need for a structured approach.

Explain Agile and what is it most ideal for?

It is iterative develoment, consisting of a series of tiny projects. It aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software components developed by an iterative process using the bare minimum requirements.

Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD) and what is it most ideal for?

emphasizes quick development and iteration of prototypes. It focuses on rapid delivery by using user feedback to refine and improve prototypes continuously.suited for rapid development and frequent iterations.

Explain Extreme Programming and what is it most ideal for?

Extreme Programming (XP) is an Agile methodology that focuses on improving software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. It promotes frequent releases in short development cycles, which improves productivity and introduces checkpoints where new customer requirements can be adopted.suited for rapid development and frequent iterations.

Explain Rational Unified Process (RUP) and what is it most ideal for?

. It provides a disciplined approach to assigning tasks and responsibilities within a development organization and aims to ensure the production of high-quality software that meets the needs of its end-users. offers a structured approach with a focus on use cases and architecture.

Explain waterfall and what is it most ideal for?

A sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next. is ideal for projects with clear, unchanging requirements and a need for a structured approach.

Explain Scrum and what is it most ideal for?

uses small teams to produce small pieces of deliverable software, using sprints to achieve an appointed goal. Each day begins or ends with a stand-up meeting to monitor and control the development effort.

Project Planning Diagrams

1) PERT chart (dependency or critical path)

2) Gantt chart

What is outsourcing? And why do people use them?

Is the process of hiring another organisation (external company) to perform a service. To save costs, gain expertise and free up management time.

What are the advantages of outsourcing?

1. cost reduction

2. faster project completion

3. high level of expertise

4. flexibility (management advantages)

5. risk reduction (reduce implementation risk)

What are the risks of outsourcing?

loss of control, benefits outweighed by long-term costs, no easy exit, highly dependent on vendors over time, security and intellectual risks.

IS/IT outsourcing alternatives

Iaas (offers basic infrastructure), Paas (offers a platform for developing applications), Saas (offers ready-to-use software applications).

Information MIS

(supports operations)

Backup

Recovery

disaster recovery

business continuity planning

Agile MIS

(Supports change)

Accessibility

Availability

Maintainability

Portability

Reliability

Scalability

Usability

Sustainable MIS

(Supports Sustainability)

- Grid computing

- Cloud COmputing

- Virtualization

Backup

An exact copy of a system's information

Recovery

The ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure

Hot site

A separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business

Cold Site

A separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where employees can move after a disaster

Warm site

A separate facility with computer equipment that requires installation and configuration

Business Continuity Plan

A plan for how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical function(s) within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption

IoT

The network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

How does IoT work in regards to architecture?

- Sensing/Device (motion sensor, GPS, proximity)

- Connectivity (bluetooth, cellular)

- Data Processing (Algorithms, AI, Machine Learning)

- User Interface (UX, Touch Screen)

Cloud Computing

using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer

Cloud Computing Characteristics

On-Demand Self Service

Rapid Elasticity

Broad Network Access

Resource Pooling

Measured Service

Private cloud - And what is its advantages and disadvantages?

serves only one tenant/organization and can be on premise or service provided.

- lots of control, customisation and security

- however, it is costly and high maintenance

Public cloud - And what is its advantages and disadvantages?

Multi-tenant environment, provided by service provider and shared among multiple organisations.

Advantages:

- Cost-effective (lower costs as resources shared and pay-as-you-go basis)

- Maintenance free (provider does it for you)

Disadvantages:

- Data security is a concern

- limited customisation

- less control over infrastructure and data management.

Hybrid cloud - And what is its advantages and disadvantages?

Combines private and public clouds integrated through networking.

Advantages:

- cost effective

- use public cloud for non sensitive data

- use private cloud for sensitive data

Disadvantages:

- more complex to manage

- high cost.

PaaS

Platform as a Service.

Provides a platform that is quick and reliable developing and delpoying applications.

Targets IT professionals and developers.

Offers more control

Saas

Software as a Service

Delivers fully functional software to end users

Offers less control as the provider manages everything

Targets end users needing specific software functionalities

IaaS

Infrastructure as a Service.

useful for heavily utilized systems and networks.

Provides virtualised infrastructure resources

Offers the highest level of control over infrastructure

Targets IT administrators and developers

Opportunities of Cloud Computing

- Enables service to be used without any infrastructure understanding

- Works economies of a scale

- Stored remotely but accessible from "anywhere"

Challenges of Cloud Computing

- Use of cloud computing means dependence on others (can limit flexibility and innovation)

- Security risks

IoT Processes

1. Data gathering

2. Data transmission

3. Data processing and analysis

4. Decision Making

5. Notification and Alerting

6. Order Fulfillment

Disruptive technology

A new way of doing things that initally does not meet the needs of existing customers

Sustaining Technology

Produces an improved product customers are eager to buy

Web 1.0

A term to refer to the WWW during its first few years of operation between 1991 and 2003

eCommerce

the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet

What are the advantages of eBusiness

- Expanding global reach

- Opening new markets

- Reducing costs

- Improving effectiveness

Expanding global reach

- What is information richness?

Refers to the depth and breadth of details contained in a piece of online information

Expanding global reach

- What is information reach?

Measures the number of people a firm can communicate with all over the world

Opening new markets

- What is mass customisation?

The ability of an organisation to tailor its products or services to the customers specifications

Opening new markets

- What is personalisation?

Occurs when a company knows enough about a customer's likes and dislikes to fashion offers that likely appeal to that person,

Reducing Cost (the longtail is also one of them)

- disintermediation

When a business sells directly to the customer and cuts out the intermediary.

Reducing cost (the longtail is also one of them)

- intermediaries

Agents, softwares or businesses that provides a trading infrastructure (distributor/retailer)

Improving effectiveness (heat map is also one of them)

- Interactivity

Measures advertising effectiveness by counting visitor interaction with the target ad

Improving effectiveness (heat map is also one of them)

- Stickiness

Measures the amount of time visitors spend on a website or application

Analysing Website Data

- Viral marketing

a strategy where analysing website data helps identify and leverage content that is likely to be shared and spread by users, thereby increasing the reach and visibility of a product/service.

What are examples of eBusiness forms?

- content providers

- infomediaries

- online marketplaces

- portals

- service providors

- transaction brokers

eBusiness revenue models?

1. Advertising fees

2. License fees

3. Subscription fees

4. Transaction fees

5. Value-added service fees

revenue generating strategies

search enginge, search engine ranking, search engine optimization (seo)

Web 2.0 and what are its 3 qualities and its 4 key factors

The next generation of internet use - a more mature, distinctive communications platform characterised by 3 qualities.

qualities:

1. Collaboration

2. Sharing

3. Free

key factors:

- Content sharing through open sourcing

- User-contributed content

- Collaboration inside the organisation

- Collaboration outside the organisation

Content sharing through open sourcing - what is it and what are examples

Open system - Uses non-propriety hardware and software based on public standards, allowing 3rd parties to create compatible add-ons.

Source code

Open source

Closed source

User contributed content - what is it and what are examples

created and updated by many users for many users

- Native advertising

- Reputation system

Collaboration inside the organisation - what is it and what are examples

- Collaboration system: tools that support the work of teams or groups by facilitating the sharing and flow of information.

- Collective intelligence

- Knowledge management: Involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions.

What are examples of Business 2.0

- social media

- social network

- social networking

- social network analysis (SNA)

Social Tagging - What does Tags mean?

Specific keywords or phrases incorporated into website content for means of classification or taxonomy

Features of social tagging

- hashtag

- folksonomy

- social tagging

- social bookmarking

- website bookmark.

What is social computing

Social computing combines social behaviour and information systems to create value.

This is focused mainly on user-contributed content

(Users, rather than organisations, produce, control, use, and manage content via interactive communications and collaboration.)

Examples of social trust

- misinformation

- disinformation

- fake news

- filter bubble

Web 3.0

Based on "intelligent" web applications using natural language processing, intelligence applications and machine-based learning/reasoning

Examples of Social computing

- user-generated content

- social marketing (twitter, instagram, facebook)

- customer reviews and rating

- online communities and forms

- influencer marketing

Information ethics

legal but unethical

legal and ethical

illegal and unethical

illegal but ethical

List possible security risks

- phishing

- ransomware

- spyware

- social engineering

- man in the middle (eavesdropping)

- denial of service (disrupt service, make unavailable)

- malware (virus)

- unathorised access

- data breach (personal, financial and health info being exposed)

- data loss

List possible losses due to cyber attacks

- financial performance

- revenue loss

- damaged reputation

- other expenses

Why do buisnesses use information management policies?

The organisations strive to build a corporate culture based on ethical principles that employees can understand and implement

list Information management policies

- social media policy

- acceptable use policy

- information privacy policy

- ethical computer use policy

- email privacy policy

- workplace monitoring policy

What are the four primary secruity measures (protection approaches)

1. Predict

2. Prevent

3. Response

4. Detect

Methods of prediction?

Predict the most likely attacks, targets and methods

- Risk assessment

- Identify threats

- Produce reports

Methods of prevention

Prevent of deter attacks so no loss is experience

- People: Info security policy and plan, control access, regular security audits and montioring

- Technology: Smart cards, tokens, biometrics, content filtering, end-to-end encryption, firewall

Methods of response and detection

Response rapidly addresses incidents to minimise loss and return to normal

Detection identifies attacks not prevented to allow for rapid thorough response.

- Intrusion detection software

- Business continuinty plan/recovery plan/backup/disaster plan/disaster sites

Why do emerging technologies matter?

- innovation and advancement

- economic growth

- improved efficiency and productivity

- addressing global challenges

- competitive advantage

- transforming society

what are the advantages of ai

- effiency

- insights

- personalisation

what are the disadvantages of ai

- job displacement

- bias

- privacy

what is blockchain

blockchain is a secure, decentralised way to record transactions in a transparent and tamper-proof manner.

applications of blockchain

smart contracts, digital currency, securities, record keeping

- IoT

- accounting ledgers

- investment management

- crowd funding

- corporoate governance

advantages of blockchain

- it is a single file shared by a network of computer

- shared, "trusted" public ledger

- transparency: all can inspect and verify it

- no single user controls it

- anonymity and privacy

- security and tamper resistance

disadvantages of blockchain

- may be computationally expensive

- may be high energy use

- development costs, and high cost of failure

- risky: the high threat of regulation and legal scrutiny