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What were the four goals that various progressive reform movements struggled to achieve?
The four Progressive Reform Movements were the Social Justice, Political Reform, Economic Regulation, and Women’s Rights movements.
Why did the prohibition movement appeal to so many women?
It appealed towards so many women because it helped with social abuse problems and family instability.
It appealed towards women in domestic violence situations.
How did Henry Ford embrace progressive ideas?
He embraced progressive ideas through innovations in the workplace and business practices. The assembly line was also implemented which increased efficiency and lowered production costs.
What kind of state labor laws resulted from progressives lobbying to protect workers?
The laws included measures such as limits on working hours, minimum wage requirements, and improved workplace safety standards. Their goal was to address the harsh working conditions and exploitation of labor that many workers faced during the Industrial Era.
How did government change during the Progressive Era? How were these changes important?
The government changed during the Progressive Era due to Political reforms, Direct Democracy, and Social Welfare Programs. Direct democracy led to the adoption of reforms such as the initiative reform. This allowed citizens to participate more in lawmaking and governance.
- Other reforms established political systems, consumer protection, and child labor laws and safety nets.
As a Progressive, how did Taft compare with Roosevelt?
Taft approach the situation differently than Roosevelt. He was more cautions emphasizing legal procedures over executive action. He also focused on strengthening antitrust laws.
Why did the Republican Party split during Taft’s administration?
The Republican Party split during Taft’s administration because of the ideological differences within the Republican Party. Progressives felt like Taft did not go far enough in continuing Roosevelt’s policies and formed the Progressive party.
- This lead to the division in Republican votes in the 1912 election
What progressive reforms did the platform of the Bull Moose Party support
The Bull Moose Party supported progressive reforms such as:
- women’s suffrage
- labor rights
- social welfare programs
- direct election of senators
The party aimed to address social and economic issues through a more aggressive progressive agenda.
Where did Germany begin its war offensive, and what happened there?
They began its war offensive in the west by invading Belgium and then advancing through northern France. However, the German advance was halted and resulted in a stalemate which marked the beginning of trench warfare.
Why did the war in Europe become a stalemate?
it ended up in a stalemate due to several factors. Trench Warfare created a static front line that was difficult to break. Technological advances made Trench Warfare deadly.
Describe some ways in which World War I threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the Atlantic?
It threatened lives of civilians on both sides due to bombing campaigns from the air, blockades which led to shortages of food and essential supplies, and the use of chemical weapons.
Why did the Allies reject President Wilson’s “peace without victory” plan?
They rejected it because war has reached a stalemate as neither side has achieved a decisive victory. They wanted to obtain territory through victory instead of a compromise.
What were the main reasons for U.S. involvement in the war? How did events in Russia in 1917 lead the United States to enter the war?
U.S. got involved due to unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany kept sinking important American vessels which angered the U.S.
- The use of the Zimmermann Telegram also angered the U.S. as it proposed a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S.
- The revolution that happened in Russia resulted in the overthrow of the Romanov monarchy and establishment.
Progressive Movement
A period of social and political reform in the United States that took place from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Progressives sought to address social issues, corruption, and improve living and working conditions through government intervention.
Muckraker
Journalists and writers during the Progressive Era who exposed and investigated social and political issues, aiming to bring about reform. They "raked up" and exposed the "muck" or corruption in society.
Niagara Movement
A civil rights group founded in 1905 by W.E.B. Du Bois and other African American leaders. It sought to advocate for civil rights, political equality, and an end to racial discrimination.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist and activist who campaigned against lynching and fought for civil rights and women's suffrage.
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century.
Debt Peonage
A system where individuals or groups are forced into economic dependence due to debts, often exploited by those in power.
Suffrage
The right to vote in political elections.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
A civil rights organization founded in 1909 that works to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for all people.
Carrie Chapman Catt
American suffragist and leader in the women's suffrage movement. She played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote.
Federal Reserve System
The central banking system of the United States, created to provide a safer, more flexible, and stable monetary and financial system.
Queen Liliuokalani
The last monarch and queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 by American business interests.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often involving the acquisition of territories.
Jose Marti
Cuban poet, writer, and revolutionary who played a key role in the fight for Cuba's independence from Spanish rule.
Yellow Journalism
Sensationalized and often exaggerated reporting, characterized by bold headlines and illustrations, aimed at attracting readers and influencing public o pinion.
USS Maine
U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War.
Protectorate
A relationship between a strong nation and a weaker one in which the stronger nation controls the foreign policy of the weaker nation.
Open Door Notes
U.S. policy in the early 20th century that advocated for equal economic access to China by all foreign nations.
Boxer Rebellion
A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, suppressed by an international coalition.
Panama Canal
A canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, built by the United States in the early 20th century.
Roosevelt Corollary
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability.
Nationalism
A strong sense of pride and devotion to one's nation, often associated with a belief in its superiority.
Zimmerman Note
A secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States.
Selective Service Act:
A U.S. law enacted in 1917 that authorized the drafting of young men for military service in World War I.
General John J. Pershing
A senior United States Army officer who commanded the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.
Trench Warfare
A type of warfare characterized by elaborate systems of trenches, used on the Western Front during World War I.
Armistice
An agreement to cease fighting, often a preliminary step to the signing of a peace treaty.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
U.S. laws enacted during World War I that criminalized interference with military operations or recruitment, and broadly defined disloyalty and sedition.
Great Migration
The movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban North, particularly during the early 20th century.
Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson's principles for peace after World War I, aiming to prevent future wars and establish a just and lasting peace.
Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, signed in 1919, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and creating the League of Nations.
Why was Harding’s promise to return America to “normalcy” popular with voters?
It was popular with voters because it appealed to their desire for stability and a return to pre-WW I conditions. Many Americans were eager for a period of calm and predictability.
What economic ideas drove events during the Harding and Coolidge administrations?
The economic ideas that drove events during Harding and Coolidge administrations were based on pro-business policies.
How did government actions affect big business?
The government’s actions affected big business because they adopted pro-business policies that favored corporate interests which included tax cuts for corporations, deregulation of industries, and reduced government oversight. These policies allowed big business to thrive and expand their influenced.
How did Henry Ford affect industry during the 1920s?
Henry Ford had a profound effect on industry during the 1920s, particularly through his innovations in the automobile manufacturing and mass production techniques. He streamlined the manufacturing process and reduced production costs.
How did Americans’ shopping habits change during the 1920s?
American’s hopping habits underwent significant changes during the 1920s, driven by factors such as increased consumer spending, technological advancements, and changes in lifestyle and culture.
How did President Roosevelt change the role of the federal government during his first Hundred Days?
New Deal Legislation: Roosevelt pushed through a flurry of legislation aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform.
Banking Reform: The Emergency Banking Act declared a national bank holiday to assess the solvency of banks and restore public confidence.
Relief Programs: Roosevelt introduced programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided jobs for unemployed young men in conservation and public works projects, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which provided direct relief to states and localities for relief efforts.
Industrial Recovery: The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) sought to stimulate industrial recovery by establishing codes of fair competition, setting minimum wages, and regulating working hours.
How did the public benefit from the Federal Securities Act?
The Federal Securities Act of 1933 aimed to protect investors by requiring full disclosure of information about securities being sold in public offerings:
1. Increased Transparency: The Act mandated that companies issuing securities to the public must provide full and truthful disclosure of relevant information about the securities being offered.
2. Improved Investor Confidence: The Act's disclosure requirements helped to restore investor confidence in the securities markets
3. Reduced Market Manipulation: The Act also aimed to curb market manipulation and insider trading by requiring disclosure of certain transactions by company insiders and imposing penalties for fraudulent activities.
Why did some people oppose the New Deal?
Criticism of Government Intervention: Some individuals and groups, particularly those with strong free-market beliefs, opposed the New Deal's expansion of federal government intervention in the economy.
Concerns about Fiscal Responsibility: Critics, including conservative politicians and business leaders, expressed concerns about the cost of New Deal programs and their impact on the federal budget deficit.
Ideological Opposition: Certain political groups, such as conservative Republicans and libertarians, opposed the New Deal on ideological grounds, viewing it as a threat to individual liberty and free enterprise.
Resistance from Supreme Court and Congress: The New Deal faced legal challenges, particularly from the Supreme Court, which initially struck down several key pieces of legislation as unconstitutional.
Why did conflict develop between the Supreme Court and other branches of government over aspects of the New Deal?
Constitutional Challenges: Some aspects of the New Deal, particularly those involving federal regulation of the economy and social welfare programs, were challenged on constitutional grounds. Critics argued that certain provisions exceeded the federal government's authority under the Commerce Clause or violated principles of separation of powers.
Supreme Court Decisions: The Supreme Court initially struck down several key pieces of New Deal legislation, including the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), in cases such as Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) and United States v. Butler (1936). The Court ruled that these laws improperly delegated legislative power to the executive branch or infringed upon states' rights.
What factors led to the rise of totalitarian governments, such as fascism and communism, in Europe?
The rise of totalitarian governments, including fascism and communism, in Europe during the 20th century can be attributed to a combination of political, economic, social, and ideological factors
Political Instability and Weakness of Democratic Institutions
Economic Crises and Discontent
Nationalism and Identity Crisis
Fear of Communism and Revolution
Propaganda and Mass Mobilization
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
Strategic Objectives: Manchuria, located in northeastern China, was rich in natural resources such as coal, iron, and timber, making it strategically valuable for Japan's industrial and military expansion.
Political Instability in China: In the early 20th century, China was mired in political instability, with a weak central government and competing warlords controlling different regions of the country.
Expansionist Ambitions: Japan's militaristic government, led by the Imperial Japanese Army, harbored expansionist ambitions to establish a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a vision of a Japanese-dominated economic and political bloc in Asia.
Why was the blitzkrieg effective?
Speed and Surprise: Blitzkrieg relied on rapid and unexpected advances by concentrated forces, catching the enemy off-guard and preventing them from mounting an effective defense.
Combined Arms Tactics: Blitzkrieg emphasized the coordination of different military branches, including infantry, tanks, artillery, and air support, to achieve tactical and operational objectives.
Air Superiority: Blitzkrieg relied on air power to provide close air support for ground forces, disrupt enemy communications and supply lines, and conduct reconnaissance missions.
How did the civil and political values of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan differ from those or the United States?
Authoritarianism vs. Democracy
Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan were both authoritarian regimes characterized by centralized control, censorship, and suppression of dissent. In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party established a totalitarian dictatorship, while Imperial Japan was ruled by an emperor and a militaristic government.
In contrast, the United States was a democratic republic with a system of representative government, separation of powers, and respect for individual rights. Citizens enjoyed freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and religion, as enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.
Racial and Ethnic Ideology:
Nazi Germany's ideology was deeply rooted in racism and anti-Semitism, with the belief in the superiority of the "Aryan" race and the demonization and persecution of Jews, Romani people, disabled individuals, and other marginalized groups.
How effective was the League of Nations in dealing with aggression among nations in the 1930s?
Weaknesses in Enforcement Mechanisms: While the League had mechanisms for collective security, including economic sanctions, military intervention, and diplomatic mediation, these measures were often ineffective due to the absence of a standing military force and the reluctance of member states to commit to military action.
Limited Membership and Representation: The League's effectiveness was hampered by the absence of major powers such as the United States, Germany, and the Soviet Union, which chose not to join or withdrew from the organization.
What were the goals of U.S. foreign policy in the early Cold War?
The goals of U.S. foreign policy in the early Cold War were primarily centered around containing the spread of communism and promoting democracy and capitalism.
Describe the Truman Doctrine and how America reacted to it.
The Truman Doctrine, announced in 1947, was a key aspect of U.S. foreign policy during the early Cold War. It stated that the United States would provide economic and military assistance to countries threatened by communism.
What was the purpose of the NATO alliance?
The purpose of the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) alliance was to provide collective defense against the Soviet Union and its allies in Europe.
What global events led to U.S. involvement in Korea?
U.S. involvement in Korea was primarily triggered by the global events of the Cold War and the perceived threat of communist expansion.`
What issue between General Douglas MacArthur and President Truman eventually cost MacArthur his job?
The issue between General Douglas MacArthur and President Truman that eventually led to MacArthur's dismissal was their differing strategies and views on the conduct of the Korean War
What actions of Joseph McCarthy worsened the national hysteria about communism?
Joseph McCarthy worsened the national hysteria about communism through his aggressive and often unfounded accusations of communist infiltration in the United States government and society
What were Jim Crow laws and how were they applied?
Jim Crow laws were a series of state and local laws enacted in the Southern United States after the Reconstruction period to enforce racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans
What was the role of Martin Luther King Jr. within the civil rights movement?
Martin Luther King Jr. played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement as a prominent leader and advocate for nonviolent protest and civil disobedience
How did White Citizens’ Councils use boycotts as a weapon?
White Citizens' Councils were segregationist organizations formed in the Southern United States in response to the civil rights movement.
What was the Montgomery bus boycott?
The Montgomery bus boycott was a pivotal event in the civil rights movement that began on December 5, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama. It was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus.
Why did civil rights groups work together to organize Freedom Summer?
Civil rights groups worked together to organize Freedom Summer in 1964 to register African American voters in Mississippi and to challenge segregation and disenfranchisement in the South
How did the compromises of civil rights leaders lead to the rise of the Black Power movement?
The compromises of civil rights leaders, such as their willingness to negotiate with white politicians and accommodate moderate reforms, contributed to the rise of the Black Power movement.
What were some of the key beliefs Malcolm X advocated?
Malcolm X advocated for black nationalism, self-defense, and self-determination as key beliefs. He argued for the separation of black and white Americans and the establishment of an independent African American nation.
What was President Eisenhower’s explaination of the domino theory?
President Eisenhower's explanation of the domino theory was that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall in succession, like a row of dominos.
How did the Tonkin Gulf Resolution lead to greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
Establishment of temporary ceasefire and international supervision of the partition. The purpose of the proposed 1956 elections was to reunify Vietnam through nationwide elections, allowing the Vietnamese people to choose their own government and determine the country's future.
Why did the war begin to lose support at home? What contributed to the sinking morale of the U.S. troops?
The Vietnam War began to lose support at home for several reasons:
- Rising casualty rates: As the war escalated, the number of U.S. casualties increased, leading to growing public concern and opposition to the war.
- Credibility gap: The Johnson administration's optimistic portrayal of the war's progress clashed with the grim reality on the ground, leading to a loss of trust and credibility among the American public.
- Anti-war movement: The Vietnam War sparked a powerful anti-war movement in the United States, fueled by opposition to U.S. military intervention, concerns about the draft, and moral objections to the war's human cost.
What race-related problems existed for African American soldiers who served in the Vietnam War?
African American soldiers who served in the Vietnam War faced various race-related problems, including:
- Discrimination and segregation within the military: Despite serving alongside their white counterparts, African American soldiers often faced discrimination and segregation in the military, including limited opportunities for promotion and assignment to combat units.
- Disproportionate casualties: African American soldiers were overrepresented among combat troops and experienced higher casualty rates than white soldiers, leading to concerns about racial inequities in the draft and military service.
- Racial tensions within units: The stresses of combat and racial discrimination exacerbated tensions between African American and white soldiers, leading to conflicts and instances of racial violence within military units.
What acts of violence occurred in the United States during 1968 that dramatically altered the mood of the country?
Several acts of violence occurred in the United States during 1968 that dramatically altered the mood of the country:
- Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.: Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. His assassination sparked riots and unrest in cities across the United States, leading to a sense of shock and despair.
- Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a leading Democratic presidential candidate, was assassinated on June 6, 1968, in Los Angeles, California, just months after Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. Kennedy's assassination further deepened the sense of turmoil and division in the country.
How did the Tet offensive differ from previous fighting in Vietnam? How did it cause many Americans to doubt that the United States would soon win the war?
The Tet Offensive differed from previous fighting in Vietnam in several key ways:
- Scale and coordination: The Tet Offensive was a coordinated series of surprise attacks by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces against over 100 cities and towns across South Vietnam, including the capital, Saigon. The offensive involved a massive deployment of troops and resources, catching U.S. and South Vietnamese forces off guard.
- Psychological impact: The Tet Offensive had a significant psychological impact on the American public, undermining confidence in the Johnson administration's handling of the war and fueling anti-war sentiment. The offensive demonstrated the resilience and determination of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, challenging the perception of U.S. military superiority and the likelihood of achieving victory in Vietnam.
Describe how and why the War Powers Act changed presidential power.
The War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973 over President Nixon's veto, changed presidential power by limiting the president's authority to commit U.S. military forces to foreign conflicts without congressional approval. The act required the president to consult with Congress and report to Congress within 48 hours of deploying U.S. forces into hostilities. It also stipulated that military deployments must be terminated within 60 days unless Congress authorized their continuation or declared war. The War Powers Act was intended to prevent future presidents from circumventing Congress and committing the United States to prolonged military interventions without the consent of the legislative branch.
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