Microbiology Chemical Principles

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83 Terms

1

Atom

the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction

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2

molecule

a combination of atoms forming a specific chemical compound

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3

chemistry

the science of the interactions between atoms and molecules

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4

nucleus

the part of an atom consisting of the protons and neutrons; the part of a eukaryote cell that contains the genetic material

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5

electron

a negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus of an atom

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6

protons

a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

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7

neutrons

an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom

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8

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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9

atomic mass

the total number of protons nad neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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10

chemical element

a fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number and behave the same way chemically

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11

Isotope

a form of chemical element in which the number of neutrons in the nucleus is different from the other forms of that element

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12

electron shell

a region of an atom where electrons orbit the nucleus, corresponding to an energy level

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13

energy level

potential energy of an electron in an atom

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14

energy configuration

the arrangement of electron in shells or energy levels in an atom

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15

valence

the combining capacity of an atom or a molecule

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16

compound

a substance compound of two or more different chemical elements

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17

chemical bond

an attractive force between atoms forming a molecule

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18

ion

a negatively or positively charged atom or group of atoms

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19

ionic bond

a chemical bond formed when atoms gain or lose electrons in the outer energy levels

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20

cation

a positively charged ion

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21

anion

an ion with a negative charge

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22

covalent bond

a chemical bond in which the electrons of one atom are shared with another atom

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23

hydrogen bond

a bond between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen and another covalently bonded oxygen or nitrogen atom

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24

molecular mass

the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms making up a molecule

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25

mole

an amount of a chemical equal to the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the chemical

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26

Dalton; Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

unit of mass for atoms, ions or molecules; equal 1g/mole

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27

chemical reaction

the process of making or breaking bond between atoms

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28

endergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that requires energy

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29

exergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that releases energy

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30

synthesis reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or atoms combine to form a new, larger molecule

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31

anabolism

all synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecule from simpler ones

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32

decomposition reaction

a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller parts form a larger molecule

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33

catabolism

all decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones

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34

exchange reaction

a chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components

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35

Reversible reaction

a chemical reaction in which the end products can readily rever to the orginal molecules

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36

Inorganic Compound

a small molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen

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37

Organic Compound

a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen

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38

polar molecule

a molecule with an unequal distribution of changes

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39

Solvent

a dissolving medium

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40

Dissociation

the separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution

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41

Solute

a substance dissolved in another substance

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42

Ionization

The separation (dissociation) of a molecule into ions

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43

Acid

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more negative ions

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44

Base

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (OH2) and one or more positive ions

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45

Salt

a substance that dissolves in water to cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH2

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46

pH

the symbol for hydrogen ion (H+) concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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47

Buffer

a substance that tends to stabilize the pH of a solution

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48

Carbon Skeleton

the basic chain or ring of carbon atoms in a molecule

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49

functional groups

an arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for the most of the chemical properties of the molecule

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50

Macromolecule

a large organic molecule

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51

polymer

a molecule consisting of a sequence of similar molecules, or monomers

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52

monomer

a small molecule that collectively combines to form polymers

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53

dehydration synthesis/ Condensation synthesis

a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released; also called dehydration synthesis

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54

carbohydrate

an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen present in a 2:1 ratio; includes starches, sugars and cellulose

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55

monosaccharide

a simple sugar consisting of 3-7 carbon atoms

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56

disaccharide

a sugar consisting of two simple sugars, or monosaccharides

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57

Oligosaccharide

a carbohydrate consisting of 2 to approximately 20 monosaccharides

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58

Isomer

one or two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

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59

hydrolysis

a decomposition reaction in which chemical react with the H+ and OH- of a water molecule

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60

Polysaccharide

a carbohydrate consisting of 8 or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

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61

Lipid

a non-water soluble organic molecule, inlcusing triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

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62

Steroids

a specific group of lipids, including cholesterol and hormones

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63

proteins

a large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (and sulfur); some have a helical structure and others are pleated sheets

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64

Amino Acid

an organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group. In alpha-amino acids the amino and carboxyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom called alpha-carbon

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65

stereoisomers

two molecules consisting of the same atoms, arranged in the same manner but differing in their relative positions; mirror images; also called D-ismoer and L-isomer

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66

peptide bond

a bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule

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67

denaturation

a change in the molecular structure of a protein, usually making it nonfunctional

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68

nucleic acid

a macromolecule consisting of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

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69

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

the class of nucleic acids that comprises messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA

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70

nucleotide

a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five-carbon sugar and a phosphate

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71

deoxyribose

a five-carbon sugar contained in DNA nucleotides

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72

ribose

a five-carbon sugar that is part of ribonucleotide molecules and RNA

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73

purines

the class of nucleic acid bases that includes adenine and guanine

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74

pyrimidines

the class of nucleic acid bases that includes uracil, thymine, and cytosine

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75

Nucleoside

a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base and a pentose sugar

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76

double helix

refers to two adjacent, antiparallel strands of DNA sound into a spiral

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77

messenger RNA (mRNA)

the type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins

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78

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

the type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes

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79

transfer RNA (tRNA)

the type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins

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80
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81

RNA interference/ RNAi

stops gene expression at transcription by using a short interfering RNA to make double-stranded RNA

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82

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

an important intracellular energy source

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83

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

the substance formed when ATP is hydrolyzed and energy is released

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