AP HUG Unit 3

Material culture

Objects that people and/or society give value to

Non-material culture

Consists of the ideas and/or beliefs an individual in society has

Culture

Consists of attitude, technology, practices, beliefs, behavior, architecture, food

Subculture

A smaller group within a larger culture

Identity

Ethnicity, religion, language, sexual orientation, age, nationality, gender, socioeconomic status

Modern/pop culture

Found in MDCs, diffuses by hierarchical diffusion, more diverse.

Folk culture

More homogenous, diffuses through relocation diffusion, family, and still practicing their beliefs today

Ethnocentrism

The practice of analyzing or judging a culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Xenophobia

Refers to the fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers, essentially a dislike or distrust of people from different cultures or backgrounds.

Cultural relativism

The practice of analyzing or judging a culture by its own standards.

Cultural landscape

Different economic, social, political factors, languages, architecture, make up the cultural landscape

Land use

A term used to describe how land has been changed or modified to be used for a specific purpose or task

Sequent occupancy

How cultures over time have impacted a geographic location throughout history

Traditional architecture

Uses nearby resources and have a distinct look that is tied to their culture

Modern architecture

Focuses on use rather than looks

Post-modern architecture

Creates a unique look that incorporates cultural styles into the architecture of the nearby culture.

Placemaking

The way people modify the landscape in order to live in a particular location

Sense of place

The act of filling a geographical location at any scale with meaning and significance

Centripetal forces

Brings people together

Centrifugal forces

Factors that drive people apart

Diffusion

The spread of a cultural element, item, group of people, disease, or phenomenon from one place to another

Hearth

The location in which an idea, culture, belief or item originated

Relocation diffusion

Happens when a culture or group of people physically move from one place to another

Expansion diffusion

The addition of more people practicing or more people taking on the cultural traits.

Hierarchical diffusion

Happens through systems, typically from some sort of power. Top down.

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Goes from smaller community to a large community (expansion diffusion)

Contagious diffusion

Diffusion of a trait does not go through a system of structures, and spreads quickly and everywhere (expansion diffusion)

Stimulus diffusion

The trait is changing as it is diffusing, and it takes on different aspects of an environment or culture it is diffusing to (expansion diffusion)

Cultural barriers

Diffusion can be prevented by cultural barriers, such as language or religious barriers, or physical barriers.

Colonialism

Taking land and turning it into their own.

Imperialism

Taking land and uses it for resources (not inhabiting).

Acculturation

When a culture adopts different cultural traits of another culture; original culture is modified not lost.

Assimilation

When a minority culture adopts a new culture, typically the dominant culture, resulting in a loss of the original culture.

Crealization

The process of two cultures/languages coming together to create a new third culture/language (traditionally due to colonization).

Lingua franca

A common language used by individuals whose native language is different.

Diaspora

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland (often due to forced migration). Often leads to acculturation or assimilation.

Globalization

The world being connected through culture.

Time space convergence

The concept that the world feels smaller due to advancements in transportation and communication technologies.

Cultural divergence

When individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture or are exposed to new ideas.

Cultural convergence

When different cultures merge together to form one mass culture, often in the form of a modern or global culture.

Language families

Refers to a group of languages that have a common, ancient ancestral language (protolanguage).

Language branches

Contain all the languages within a family. Similar grammar and syntax, but speakers cannot understand speakers from other branches.

Dialect

A regional variation in how a single language is spoken.

Toponym

The name of a place.

Universallyzing religions

Can be planted and grown in any culture throughout the world (Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism).

Ethnic religions

Belief systems that are characteristic of particular ethnic groups located in specific regions.

Effects of diffusion

The impact of cultural exchange and the adoption of traits from one culture to another.

Syncretism

The blending of two or more cultural traits that result in a new cultural trait.

Multiculturalism

Describes a society in which many cultures coexist without pressure to assimilate.